Bâtiment Kirkbride

Page d’aide sur l’homonymie

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Kirkbride.

Hôpital psychiatrique de Trenton (New Jersey), un exemple de bâtiment Kirkbride

Durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, l'État américain engage de fortes sommes d'argent pour la prise en charge des patients atteints de troubles mentaux. Ceux-ci passent progressivement de l'enfermement carcéral à la prise en charge thérapeutique en hôpital spécialisé.

Le Docteur Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809-1883) est un médecin psychiatre américain qui a eu une forte influence sur la conception des hôpitaux psychiatriques aux États-Unis dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Le terme de Kirkbride Building lui est associé. Selon ce médecin la construction même des bâtiments destinés à recevoir les patients a une influence sur la qualité des soins qui leur sont apportés.

Un certain nombre d'hôpitaux psychiatriques construits entre 1850 et 1900 suivent ses recommandations. L'apport financier important des pouvoirs publics permit de bâtir des ensembles très luxueux pour l'époque.

Description des principes des bâtiments de type « kirkbride »

  • Les hommes et les femmes sont placés dans deux ailes de bâtiment différentes (pas de mixité, ce qui est nouveau pour l'époque)
  • Les locaux administratifs sont au centre du bâtiment
  • Les patients présentant les troubles les plus sérieux sont éloignés des bâtiments administratifs et des patients aux troubles plus légers.
  • Kirkbride recommande de placer les hôpitaux dans un cadre naturel, loin de l'atmosphère viciée et bruyante de la ville.

Déclin

Ces principes, après avoir connu un certain succès deviennent obsolètes au cours du XXe siècle. Les nouvelles thérapies, l'échec relatif de la « thérapie mentale » prônée par Kirkbride, et les coûts importants de maintenance des bâtiments finirent malheureusement (compte tenu de leur richesse patrimoniale) par entraîner l'abandon ou la destruction de ces bâtiments.

Principaux bâtiments Kirkbride

Références

  1. ↑ Yanni, Architecture of Madness, 55.
  2. ↑ 36° 51′ 53″ N, 87° 27′ 04″ O
  3. ↑ http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/420.html Retrieved Sept. 22, 2006
  4. ↑ (en) Briska, William H., The History of Elgin Mental Health Center : Evolution of a State Hospital, Carpentersville, Crossroads Communications, , 288 p. (ISBN 978-0-916445-45-4, OCLC 38034233, LCCN 97069114)
  5. ↑ 41° 52′ 46″ N, 79° 08′ 46″ O
  6. ↑ Broughton Hospital
  7. ↑ * Worcester
  8. ↑ * Danvers
  9. ↑ http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2238 Retrieved Aug. 21, 2010
  10. ↑ * The Village at Grand Traverse Commons
  11. ↑ Minnesota Historical Society. Fergus Falls State Hospital Papers
  12. ↑ Fergus Falls Daily Journal. (September 13, 2008). State Hospital: The Early days

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