Šavuot

Šavuot (hepr. ‏שבועות‎, "viikot") on yksi juutalaisten kolmesta pyhiinvaellusjuhlasta. Šavuot eli viikkojuhla päättää pesahista alkaneen omer-laskennan, joka kestää 49 päivää eli seitsemän viikkoa. Šavuot on myös sadonkorjuujuhla ja kesän alkamisen juhla.

Raamatussa juhlaan viitataan useilla nimillä: leikkuujuhla (חג הקציר, hag ha-katsir; 2. Moos 23:16), viikkojuhla (חג שבעות, hag šavuot; 5. Moos 10:16) ja ensihedelmien juhla (יום הבכורים, jom ha-bikkurim; 4. Moos 28:26). Uudessa testamentissa siitä käytetään nimitystä helluntai, ja kristillinen helluntai onkin suunnilleen samaan aikaan kuin juutalaisten šavuot.

Šavuotia vietetään sivan-kuun kuudentena päivänä. Monissa juutalaisyhteisöissä Israelin ulkopuolella sitä vietetään kahden päivän ajan.

Šavuot on pesahin ja sukkotin ohella yksi Toorassa säädetyistä vuotuisista pyhiinvaellusjuhlista, šaloš regalim. Termin alkuperä on heprean sana regel, jalka. Kysymyksessä ovat kolme juhlaa, jolloin juutalaisten tulisi vaeltaa Jerusalemin temppeliin erityisiä juhlamenoja varten.

Sadonkorjuujuhla

Muinaisessa Israelissa sadonkorjuu aloitettiin ohran leikkaamisella pesahin aikaan ja päätettiin vehnänkorjuuseen šavuotina. Šavuot oli siten viljankorjuun päättävä juhla samalla tavalla kuin sukkot päätti hedelmien sadonkorjuun. Israelilaisten käskettiin tuoda pyhäkköön maan parhaat antimet (2. Moos. 34:26, 3. Moos. 29:15–16, 5. Moos 16:9–19).

Tooran antamisen juhla

Šavuotina juutalaiset juhlivat sadonkorjuun lisäksi myös kymmenen käskyn vastaanottamista. Tarkasta Tooran antamisen päivästä väitellään, mutta monet rabbit uskovat sen olleen juuri sivan-kuun kuudes päivä. Raamattu kertoo israelilaisten saapuneen Siinain erämaahan uuden kuun aikaan (2. Moos. 19:1), ja rabbiinisen kirjallisuuden mukaan Jumala antoi kymmenen käskyä Moosekselle seuraavana lauantaina.

Šavuotin viettämisen perinteisiin kuuluu yön valvominen synagogassa Tooraa lukien. Tanakhista luetaan otteita tärkeimmistä kirjoista, Ruutin kirja kuitenkin kokonaisuudessaan, koska sen tarina sijoittuu sadonkorjuun aikaan. Tapana on myös koristella koti ja synagoga kasvein ja kukin.

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