Tula (Meksiko)

Atlanteja Tulassa
Tulan pyramidit B ja C

Tula on Meksikossa sijaitseva muinainen kaupunki ja arkeologinen kohde. Se toimi tolteekkien pääkaupunkina.[1]

Vuosien 300–600 välillä Tulan alue kuului Teotihuacánin valtion alaisuuteen. Vuosien 600–650 tienoilla pohjoisesta ilmestyi alueelle uusi Coyotlatelco-kulttuuri. Alue alkoi kaupungistua 700-luvun alussa teotihuacánilaisen perinteen ja pohjoisesta tulleen kulttuurin etnisenä ja kulttuurisynteesinä.[1]

Kaupungin varhainen keskustori tunnetaan nimellä Pikku-Tula. Se hylättiin rakennuksineen 900-luvun alussa ja uusi, suurempi keskus rakennettiin toisaalle. Kaupunkialueen pinta-ala oli tuolloin 13 neliökilometriä.[1]

Tula oli laajimmillaan vuosina 1000–1150, jolloin se saavutti 16 neliökilometrin laajuuden. Kaupungissa oli satoja julkisia rakennuksia, pyramiditemppeleitä ja asuinrakennuksia. Niitä yhdisti monimutkainen kujien ja katujen verkko. Tula rapistui ja sortui 1100-luvulla toistaiseksi tuntemattomasta syystä.[1]

Tulan taidetta ja arkkitehtuuria hallitsee militarismi, sota ja ihmisuhraus. Kaupungin suuret monumentaaliveistokset kuten atlantet esittävät tolteekkisotureita. Pyramidi B:n pylväisiin on kaiverretu kuninkaiden ja muiden johtajien muotokuvia. Tulan tori oli myöhempien asteekkikaupunkien torien esikuva asemakaavansa suhteen. Torilla oli pääkalloalttareita, käärmeseiniä, soturifriisein koristeltuja penkkejä, chac mool-veistoksia, atlanteja ja standaarinkantajia.[1]

Lähteet

  1. ↑ a b c d e Cobean, Robert H.; Mastache Flores, Alba Guadalupe (toim. Talvitie, Jyrki K.; Ilmonen, Anneli): Sulkakäärme ja Jaguaarijumala, s. 210–218. Tampereen taidemuseo, 1997. ISBN 952-9549-42-3

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