Raoultin laki

Raoultin lain mukaan käyttäytyvä seos ja poikkeamat Raoultin laista

Raoultin laki on François-Marie Raoultin esittämä fysikaalinen malli, jonka mukaan ideaaliliuoksessa kunkin aineen osapaine on suoraan verrannollinen sen mooliosuuteen seoksesta ja sen höyrynpaineeseen puhtaana.[1] Hyvin harva neste-neste-liuos noudattaa Raoultin lakia edes sinne päin, koska malli olettaa, että komponenttien keskinäiset koheesiovoimat (A–B) ovat yhtä suuret kuin kunkin komponentin koheesiovoimat puhtaana (A–A ja B–B), mikä pitää harvoin paikkaansa. Erittäin niukkaliukoisille aineille, kuten ilman kaasuille vedessä, käytetään Henryn lakia.

Kaavana ilmaistuna kunkin aineen osapaine on:

missä on aineen höyrynpaine puhtaana ja on aineen mooliosuus, joten koko liuoksen (aineet A, B, ...) höyrynpaine on:

Raoultin laista voidaan johtaa esimerkiksi se, että suolaliuoksen kiehumispiste on korkeampi kuin puhtaan veden. Suolan höyrynpaine on nolla, mutta suolan mooliosuus ei, joten se on pois veden mooliosuudesta. Siten kokonaishöyrynpaine tulee vain vedestä:

Alemman höyrynpaineen takia liuosta pitää lämmittää vastaavasti korkeampaan lämpötilaan, jotta sen paine riittää kuplien tuottamiseen eli kiehumiseen.

Reaaliseokset poikkeavat Raoultin laista sekä positiivisesti että negatiivisesti. Negatiivinen poikkeama tarkoittaa, että seos on vähemmän haihtuvaa kuin komponentit sinänsä, ja kertoo sen, että molekyylien välille muodostuu jokin spesifinen vetovoima. Esimerkiksi kloroformin ja asetonin välille muodostuu vetysidos, jolloin seos on vähemmän haihtuvampi. Positiivinen poikkeama vastaavasti tarkoittaa, että seos on haihtuvampaa kuin komponentit sinänsä. Esimerkiksi kloroformi ja etanoli ovat tällainen seos.[1]

Lähteet

  1. ↑ a b Thomas Engel & Philip Reid: Physical Chemistry, s. 200,214. Pearson International, 2006. ISBN 978-0-321-64305-6 (englanniksi)

Read other articles:

List of Norwegian films of 2014

The Norwegian film industry produced over fifty feature films in 2014. This article fully lists all non-pornographic films, including short films, that had a release date in that year and which were at least partly made by Norway. It does not include films first released in previous years that had release dates in 2014. Major releases Opening Title Cast and crew Studio Genre(s) Ref. JANUARY 10 Kule kidz gråter ikke Director: Katarina Launing Cast: Mia Helene Solberg Brekke, Victor Papadopou...

 

Topan Meranti

Topan Meranti (Ferdie)Taifun (skala JMA)Taifun super kategori 5 (SSHWS)Topan Meranti mendekati intensitas tertinggi pada 13 SeptemberTerbentuk pada8 September 2016Mereda pada17 September 2016(Keluar wilayah tropis pada 16 September) Kecepatan anginmaksimal10 menit: 220 km/jam 1 menit: 305 km/jam Topan Meranti, atau dikenal di Filipina sebagai Topan Ferdie, adalah salah satu dari beberapa siklon tropis yang terbesar. Topan ini mengakibatkan kerusakan di Batanes, Filipina; Taiwan; dan Fuji...

 

Gary Varner

American philosopher (1957–2023) Gary VarnerBorn(1957-03-10)March 10, 1957DiedJune 28, 2023(2023-06-28) (aged 66)NationalityAmericanAlma materUniversity of Wisconsin–MadisonNotable workIn Nature's Interests? (1998)Personhood, Ethics, and Animal Cognition (2012)InstitutionsTexas A&MMain interestsEnvironmental ethics, animal ethics, utilitarianism, R. M. HareNotable ideasBiocentric individualism, Harean approaches to animal ethics Gary Edward Varner (March 10, 1957 – June 28...

Eva-Maria Poptcheva

Spanish politician Eva-Maria PoptchevaMEPMember of the European Parliamentfor SpainIncumbentAssumed office 15 September 2022Preceded byLuis Garicano Personal detailsBorn17 October 1979 (1979-10-17) (age 44)BulgariaPolitical partyCitizens–Party of the Citizenry Eva-Maria Poptcheva (born 17 October 1979) is a Spanish politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament for the Citizens–Party of the Citizenry since 2022.[1] Political career Poptch...

 

Busano

Busanocomune Busano – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Piemonte Città metropolitana Torino AmministrazioneSindacoGianbattistino Chiono (lista civica) dall'8-6-2009 (3º mandato dal 27-5-2019) TerritorioCoordinate45°19′45.98″N 7°39′20.64″E / 45.329439°N 7.655732°E45.329439; 7.655732 (Busano)Coordinate: 45°19′45.98″N 7°39′20.64″E / 45.329439°N 7.655732°E45.329439; 7.655732 (Busano) Altitudine3...

 

List of acts and measures of Senedd Cymru

Part of a series onBritish law Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Year      1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 ...

Betty Bumpers

American activist (1925–2018) Betty BumpersBumpers in 1999First Lady of ArkansasIn roleJanuary 12, 1971 – January 3, 1975GovernorDale BumpersPreceded byJeannette Edris RockefellerSucceeded byClaudia Riley (acting)[1] Personal detailsBornBetty Lou Flanagan(1925-01-11)January 11, 1925Grand Prairie Community, Arkansas, U.S.DiedNovember 23, 2018(2018-11-23) (aged 93)Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.Spouse Dale Bumpers ​ ​(m. 1949; died 201...

 

جون يونغ (لاعب كرة قدم)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع جون يونغ (توضيح). جون يونغ معلومات شخصية الميلاد 22 أكتوبر 1951 (العمر 72 سنة)إدنبرة  مركز اللعب مدافع الجنسية المملكة المتحدة  مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق موسيلبيرج أثليتيك  [لغات أخرى]‏ المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 1970–1971 هيبرنيان[1&#...

 

Pick-up (veicolo)

Un Ford F-150, il modello di pickup più di successo nel mercato statunitense. Il pick-up (o anche pickup[1], light duty truck o LDT; in italiano anche cassonati) è un veicolo a motore facente parte della categoria degli autocarri leggeri, ed omologato come tale. La sua principale caratteristica è la presenza di un cassone (in inglese bed), idealmente al posto del bagagliaio, che è separato e non accessibile dalla cabina con i sedili (la cab). Indice 1 Storia 2 Descrizione 3 Diffus...

Ставропольская духовная семинария

Ставропольская духовная семинария (СтДС) Прежние названия Кавказская духовная семинария Год основания 1846 Конфессия Православие Церковь Русская православная церковь Ректор Кирилл (Покровский) Расположение Ставрополь Юридический адрес ул. Дзержинского, 155 Телефон +7 (8...

 

Paramus, New Jersey

Borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, US Borough in New JerseyParamus, New JerseyBoroughRoute 17 from the overpass ramp to Route 4; both are heavily trafficked American corridors in Bergen County. SealLocation of Paramus in Bergen County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Bergen County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right). Interactive map of Paramus, New JerseyParamusLocation in Bergen CountyShow map of Bergen County, New JerseyParamusLocation in New JerseyShow map of Ne...

 

Жэньминь жибао

«Жэньминь жибао» Оригинальноеназвание 人民日报 Тип ежедневная газета Формат широкоформатная[d] Владелец КПК Издатель «Жэньминь жибаошэ» Страна  Китай[1] Главный редактор Ли Баошань Основана 15 июня 1948 Политическая принадлежность орган ЦК КПК Язык китайский Главный...

L'Uomo Ragno (serie animata 1981)

L'Uomo Ragnoserie TV d'animazione L'Uomo Ragno nella sigla iniziale Titolo orig.Spider-Man Lingua orig.inglese PaeseStati Uniti RegiaDon Jurwich SoggettoCreighton Barnes, Doug Booth MusicheJohn Douglas StudioMarvel Studios ReteSyndication 1ª TV12 settembre 1981 – 6 marzo 1982 Episodi26 (completa) Rapporto4:3 Durata ep.25 min Rete it.Rete 4 (1ª edizione), Rai 1 (2ª edizione) Episodi it.26 (completa) Durata ep. it...

 

1847 in the United States

List of events ← 1846 1845 1844 1847 in the United States → 1848 1849 1850 Decades: 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s See also: History of the United States (1789–1849) Timeline of United States history (1820–1859) List of years in the United States 1847 in the United States1847 in U.S. states States Alabama Arkansas Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New ...

 

中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表

 本表是動態列表，或許永遠不會完結。歡迎您參考可靠來源來查漏補缺。 潛伏於中華民國國軍中的中共間諜列表收錄根據公開資料來源，曾潛伏於中華民國國軍、被中國共產黨聲稱或承認，或者遭中華民國政府調查審判，為中華人民共和國和中國人民解放軍進行間諜行為的人物。以下列表以現今可查知時間為準，正確的間諜活動或洩漏機密時間可能早於或晚於以下所歸�...

Edward Frankland

English chemist SirEdward FranklandKCB FRS FRSEEdward Frankland in his 20sBorn(1825-01-18)18 January 1825Catterall, Lancashire, EnglandDied9 August 1899(1899-08-09) (aged 74)Gålå, Gudbrandsdal, NorwayOccupationResearch chemistKnown forPioneer in water analysisDiscoverer of the principle of valency in chemistryOrganometallic chemistryOrganotin chemistry Sir Edward Frankland, KCB, FRS, FRSE (18 January 1825 – 9 August 1899) was an English chemi...

 

Direktorat Jenderal Administrasi Hukum Umum

Direktorat JenderalAdministrasi Hukum Umum Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi ManusiaRepublik IndonesiaGambaran umumDasar hukumPeraturan Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 2021 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi ManusiaSusunan organisasiDirektur JenderalCahyo Rahadian Muzhar S.H., LL.MSekretaris Direktorat JenderalMohamad Aliamsyah, S.Sos., S.H., M.H Direktur PerdataKristomo, S.H., M.H.Direktur PidanaHaris Sukamto, AKS., S.H., M.H...

 

الرابطة البرلمانية 1928–29

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (نوفمبر 2019) الرابطة البرلمانية 1928–29 تفاصيل الموسم دوري إسثميان  البلد المملكة المتحدة  الرابطة البرلمانية 1927�...

Lingkup Australasia

Zona Ekologi Australasia Lingkup Australasia adalah lingkup biogeografi yang berada di kawasan geografis Australasia. Lingkup ini mencakup Australia, pulau Nugini (termasuk Papua Nugini dan provinsi Papua di Indonesia), dan bagian timur kepulauan Indonesia, termasuk Sulawesi, Maluku (provinsi Maluku dan Maluku Utara), dan Nusa Tenggara (Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, dan Timor). Lingkup Australasia juga mencakup beberapa gugus pulau Pasifik, termasuk Kepulauan Bismarck, Vanuatu, Kepulauan So...

 

Gorenje Brdo

Place in Upper Carniola, SloveniaGorenje BrdoGorenje BrdoLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 46°7′35.53″N 14°8′30.94″E / 46.1265361°N 14.1419278°E / 46.1265361; 14.1419278Country SloveniaTraditional regionUpper CarniolaStatistical regionUpper CarniolaMunicipalityGorenja Vas–PoljaneElevation696.8 m (2,286.1 ft)Population (2020) • Total97[1] Gorenje Brdo (pronounced [ɡɔˈɾeːnjɛ ˈbəɾdɔ]) is a settlement in the...