Michiel de Ruyter

Hakusana ”De Ruyter” ohjaa tänne. Sanan muista merkityksistä kerrotaan täsmennyssivulla.
De Ruyterin muistopatsas Vlissingenissa

Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter, myös Ruijter, (24. maaliskuuta 1607 Vlissingen — 29. huhtikuuta 1676 Syrakusa) oli alankomaalainen amiraali. Hän tuli kuuluisaksi saavutettuaan useita loistavia voittoja Englannin–Hollannin sodissa. De Ruyterin menestys perustui ennen kaikkea tehokkaaseen ja kurinalaiseen taistelujärjestykseen.[1][2] De Ruyter oli mukana noin 40 meritaistelussa Espanjaa, Ruotsia, barbareskivaltioita, Ranskaa ja Englantia vastaan[3].

De Ruyter lähti merille jo 9-vuotiaana, ja vuonna 1634 hän oli kohonnut kauppalaivan kapteeniksi.[2][4] De Ruyter toimi Portugalia tukeneen hollantilaisen laivaston kontra-amiraalina Espanjaa vastaan käydyissä taisteluissa. Sen jälkeen De Ruyter palasi kauppalaivastoon seuraavaksi kymmeneksi vuodeksi ja taisteli Pohjois-Afrikan rannikolla Barbareskivaltioiden merirosvoja vastaan. Ensimmäisen Englannin–Hollannin sodan puhjettua vuonna 1652 De Ruyter otti vastaan alankomaalaisen laivaston komennon ja palveli ansiokkaasti Maarten Trompin alaisuudessa. De Ruyter sai vara-amiraalin arvon vuonna 1653, voitettuaan Texelin edustalla käydyn meritaistelun.[2]

De Ruyter taisteli englantilaisia vastaan 1664–1665 Guinean rannikolla ja auttoi palauttamaan Alankomaiden Länsi-Intian kauppakomppanian kaupallisen herruuden alueella. De Ruyter epäonnistui kuitenkin myöhemmissä taisteluissa englantilaisia vastaan Länsi-Intiassa.[2]

Vuonna 1659 Nyborgin taistelussa de Ruyter avusti tanskalaisia Ruotsin laivastoa vastaan, 1666 hän löi Englannin laivaston ja 1667 saartoi Lontoon ja pakotti Englannin Bredan rauhaan.[5]

De Ruyterin suurimpana saavutuksena on pidetty hänen toimiaan kolmannessa Englannin–Hollannin sodassa (1672–1674). Hän voitti huomattavasti suuremman englantilais-ranskalaisen laivaston vuonna 1672 Solebayn ja vuonna 1673 sekä Oostenden että Kijkduinin edustalla, mikä esti hyökkäyksen Alankomaiden tasavaltaan mereltä käsin.[2]

Vuosina 1675–1676 De Ruyter taisteli Välimerellä ranskalaisia vastaan. De Ruyter haavoittui kuolettavasti taistelussa ranskalaisia vastaan Agostan edustalla. Hän kuoli Syrakusassa 29. huhtikuuta 1676.[5] Rotterdamissa on ollut muistopatsas de Ruyterista[6][2]

Lähteet

  1. ↑ Spectrum tietokeskus: 16-osainen tietosanakirja. 16. osa, Pienhakusanat ja hakemisto: Pl–ö, s. 156. Helsinki: WSOY, 1983. ISBN 951-0-07255-9
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Michiel Adriaanszoon De Ruyter Encyclopedia Britannica. Viitattu 30.9.2021. (englanniksi)
  3. ↑ Facta. 10-osainen tietosanakirja 8, RIT–SUN, s. 175. (8. painos (1. painos 1970)) Porvoo Helsinki: WSOY: Tietosanakirja, 1976. ISBN 951-0-01488-5
  4. ↑ Iso tietosanakirja, osa 11 vuodelta 1936, palsta 550
  5. ↑ a b Otavan iso tietosanakirja. Encyclopaedia Fennica 7, Pyre – Soso, s. 783. Helsingissä: Otava, 1964.
  6. ↑ Tietosanakirja, osa 8 vuodelta 1916, palsta 272

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