Mahasyöpä

Adenokarsinooma mahassa

Mahasyöpä on mahasta lähtevä syöpäsairaus. Mahasyövän mahdollisia oireita ovat muiden muassa vatsakipu, oksentelu, ripuli, ruokahaluttomuus ja laihtuminen. Tauti voi olla pitkään oireeton[1]. Ilmetessään oireet voivat olla petollisesti samanlaisia kuin hyvänlaatuisissa vaivoissa, esimerkiksi mahahaavassa.

Helikobakteerin on huomattu lisäävän mahasyövän riskiä jopa 2–6-kertaiseksi. Muita riskitekijöitä ovat tiettyjen vitamiinien puute, pilaantunut, savustettu tai hyvin suolainen ruoka[1], lihavuus ja korkea ikä. Myös tupakointi on mahasyöpäriskiä lisäävä tekijä.[2]

Mahasyöpä oli vielä vuoden 1960 paikkeilla Suomen yleisin syöpätauti, mutta sairauden ilmaantuvuus väheni nopeasti varsinkin länsimaissa. Esimerkiksi vuonna 2008 Suomessa sairastui mahasyöpään 701 henkilöä. Ilmaantuvuuden vaihtelu saman maankin sisällä voi kuitenkin olla niin suuri, että ympäristötekijöiden on päätelty olevan keskeisiä taudin synnyssä.[2] Mahasyövän ilmaantuvuus on korkein Kaukoidässä. Maailmanlaajuisesti mahasyöpä oli vuoden 2014 tiedon mukaan neljänneksi yleisin syöpä[3], mutta Suomessa se on pudonnut kymmenen yleisimmän syöpätaudin joukosta sekä miehillä että naisilla.[2] Ainoa mahasyövän parantamiseen tähtäävä hoitomuoto on leikkaus. Mahasyöpä voi olla perusteena täydelliselle tai osittaiselle mahalaukun poistoleikkaukselle eli gastrektomialle.[4]

23 prosenttia sairastuneista miehistä ja neljäsosa sairastuneista naisista on Suomessa elossa viiden vuoden kuluttua taudin toteamisesta.[5] Länsimaita paljon korkeampia selviytymislukuja on saavutettu Japanissa, jossa on toteutettu laajoja seulontoja mahasyövän havaitsemiseksi varhaisvaiheissa.[6]

Noin 90–95 % mahasyövistä on adenokarsinoomia.[7] CDH1-geenin mutaatioiden aiheuttama perinnöllinen diffuusi mahasyöpä aiheuttaa noin 1–3 % kaikista mahasyöpätapauksista.[8]

Tunnettuja mahasyöpään sairastuneita

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