Liekomaiset

Liekomaiset
Konnanliekoihin kuuluva Lycopodiella cernua
Konnanliekoihin kuuluva Lycopodiella cernua
Tieteellinen luokittelu
Domeeni: Aitotumaiset Eucarya
Kunta: Kasvit Plantae
Alakunta: Putkilokasvit Tracheobionta
Kaari: Liekomaiset Lycopodiophytina[1]
Tippo ex Reveal
Luokat
Katso myös

  Liekomaiset Wikispeciesissä
  Liekomaiset Commonsissa

Liekomaiset kasvit (Lycopodiophyta, Lycophytina) ovat alkeellisia putkilokasveja. Niiden lajeja tunnetaan yli 1 300.

Kuvaus

Eräät liekomaiset kasvit ovat kasvimaailman alkeellisimpia edustajia. Ryhmä oli ensimmäisten kasvien joukossa, jotka siirtyivät mereltä maalle siluuri- ja devonikaudella.[2] Sopeutuakseen maaolosuhteisiin lieoille kehittyivät juuret imemään ravinteita maasta ja ankkuroimaan kasvin maahan. Lehdet kehittyivät tehokkaampaa yhteyttämistä varten auringonvalosta käydyn kilpailun lisäännyttyä, ja varresta tuli veden ja ravinteiden kuljetusväylä sekä tuki painovoimaa vastaan. Lehtien pinnalle kehittyi vahamainen kelmu, ja kasvin hengitys alkoi tapahtua pienten ilmarakojen kautta.

Liekomaisten kasvien elinkaarelle on ominaista sukupolvenvuorottelu. Siittiö- ja munasolut sisältävä suvullinen polvi on vain muutaman millimetrin kokoinen alkeisvarsikko, jonka pieni koko suojaa sitä liialta säteilyltä. Se turvautuu usein mykorritsan eli sienijuuren apuun ravinnonsaannissaan yhteyttämisen sijaan. Varsinaiset lieot ovat isosporisia eli ne tuottavat vain yhdenlaisia itiöitä. Mähkät ja lahnanruohot puolestaan ovat heterosporisia; suuremmat, naaraspuoliset itiöt sisältävät ravintoa tulevalle sukupolvelle.

Kivihiilikausi oli liekojen kukoistuksen aikaa; puumaiset lieot, kuten Lepidodendron, muodostivat ensimmäiset suuret metsät.[3] Niillä lehdet kasvoivat aluksi kaikkialla varressa, mutta putosivat puun kasvaessa jättäen näkyviin suomumaisen varren ja vain rykelmän lehtiä latvaan. Niiden jäännökset muodostivat useita kivihiiliesiintymiä. Nykyään useimmat liekomaisten kasvien suvut ovat kuolleet sukupuuttoon, ja jäljelle on jäänyt lähinnä pienikokoisia aluskasveja.

Luokittelu

Alla on taulukko liekomaisten kasvien luokittelusta luokkiin, lahkoihin, heimoihin ja sukuihin. Taulukko sisältää vain nykyisin elossa olevat kasviryhmät.

Luokka Lahko Heimo Suku (lajimäärä)
Lycopodiopsida – liekomaiset Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae – liekokasvit Lycopodium – riidenlieot (54)
Huperzia – ketunlieot (390)
Phylloglossum (1)
Lycopodiella – konnanlieot (38)
Selaginellopsida Selaginellales Selaginellaceae – mähkäkasvit Selaginella – mähkät (690)
Isoëtopsida Isoëtales Isoëtaceae – lahnanruohokasvit Isoëtes – lahnanruohot (140)

Lähteet

  1. ↑ ITIS
  2. ↑ Lycopodiophyta (A Division) Utah State University
  3. ↑ Lepidodendron Fossils (Arkistoitu – Internet Archive) Paleodirect

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