Humus

Ei tule sekoittaa itämaiseen kikhernetahna hummukseen.
Humusta.

Humus (lat. = maa, maaperä) eli mullas tai humusaineet on tummaa, eloperäistä eli orgaanista ainetta, käytännössä siis hyvin hienoksi hioutunutta kasvimassaa. Humuksen tärkein lähtöaine on ligniini ja muita lähtöaineita ovat tanniinit, kitiini ja suberiini sekä kasvien hiilihydraattirakenteet kuten selluloosa ja hemiselluloosa. Luonnossa esiintyvän humuksen rakenne vaihtelee erityisesti maan happipitoisuuden mukaan. Humuksen molekyylirakenne muuttuu iän ja uuden kasvimateriaalin lisäyksen mukaan.[1] Humusaineet esiintyvät vedessä liukoisena, kolloideina sekä kiinteässä muodossa. Humusaineet jaetaan yleensä kolmeen osaan: humushappoihin, fulvohappoihin ja humiineihin. Humuspitoisuuksia mitataan yksinkertaisilla hiilen määrää tai hapenkulutusta mittaavilla menetelmillä. Humus muodostuu eloperäisten ainesten maatumisesta ja kasvien muuttumisesta kangasturpeeksi. Humusta syntyy esimerkiksi kompostoinnista. Humusta esiintyy myös soiden läheisten järvien ja jokien vedessä, kun humus huuhtoutuu joen mukana järveen ja värjää veden tummanruskeaksi. Soilta tuleva humuksen värjäämä vesi on kuitenkin kirkasta, toisin kuin savialueiden järvien vesi, joka on sameaa ja vaaleamman ruskeaa. Suomen järvistä valtaosa on humuspitoisia.

Lähteet

  1. ↑ Sari Timonen, Jari Valkonen (toim.): Sienten biologia, toinen uudistettu painos sivu 282, Gaudeamus, 2018, ISBN 978-952-495-472-3

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