Elohim

William Blake: Elohim luo Adamin.

Elohim (hepr. ‏אלהים‎) on hepreankielisessä Vanhassa testamentissa (Tanakissa) käytetty Jumalaa tarkoittava sana. Sana on monikko sanasta eloah (אלוה), "jumala". Monikkomuoto käytettynä yksikössä olevien verbien kanssa on hepreassa käytetty tapa kuvata (pluralis excellentiae) suuruutta ja kunnioitusta.[1]

Muita heprealaisten jumalasta käytettyjä nimiä ovat Jahve, sekä Adonai, ’Herrani’. "Elohim" on kuitenkin appellatiivi eikä erisnimi. Koska heprea ja arabia ovat molemmat seemiläisiä kieliä ja sukulaiskieliä, sanan yksikkömuoto eloah on kielellisesti samaa alkuperää kuin arabian ilah, joka määräisen artikkelin kanssa on kehittynyt muodoksi Allah eli Jumala.

Pronssi- ja rautakauden seemiläisissä kulttuureissa on palvottu muiden jumalten ohella luojajumalaa nimeltä Ēl. On arveltu, että Elohim tarkoittaisi Ēliä.lähde?

Ensimmäinen Mooseksen kirja (Genesis) alkaa sanoilla Bereshit bara Elohim... eli Alussa Jumalat loi. Koska "elohim" on kollektiivimuoto, se on kristillisessä perinteessä tavallisesti tulkittu Pyhäksi Kolminaisuudeksi (kaikki yhdessä) tai modernissa akateemisessa tutkimuksessa monijumalaisuuden ilmentymäksilähde?. On oletettu, että heprealaiset olisivat olleet henoteisteja, eli tunnustaneet monien jumalten olemassaolon, mutta valinneet niistä yhden omakseen ja palvoneet häntä[2].

Elohisti

Vanhassa testamentissa on kaksi rinnakkaista ja vain vähän toisistaan eroavaa kerrostumaa samoista kertomuksista, joissa toisessa Jumalaa kutsutaan aina nimellä Elohim (aina Moosekseen asti[3]) ja toisessa aina nimellä Jahve. Elohim-kertomusten kirjoittajan (ns. elohistin) on arveltu olleen kotoisin pohjoisen Israelin kuningaskunnasta, kun taas jahvisti olisi ollut eteläisestä Juudasta.[4] Joidenkin tutkijoiden mukaan kyseessä oli sama jumala, mutta eräät kulttuuriantropologit ovat arvelleet, että Juudan Jahve olisi ollut eri jumala, jonka leviitit toivat mukanaan Egyptistä[5], ja vasta myöhemmin Babylonian pakkosiirtolaisuuden aikana juutalaisuus olisi lopullisesti kiteytynyt yksijumalaiseksi ja Elohim ja Jahve ymmärretty samaksi jumalaksi[6].

Lähteet

  • Armstrong, Karen: Jumalan historia. Ajatus Kirjat, 1993. ISBN 978-951-20-7027-5
  • Richard Elliott Friedman: Who Wrote the Bible? Harper One, 1997.

Viitteet

  1. ↑ Francis Jenks, James Walker, William Ware, Francis William Pitt Greenwood; J. Munroe: The Christian examiner and general review, s. 62. Harvardin yliopisto, 1836. Teoksen verkkoversio (viitattu 23.7.2012).
  2. ↑ Armstrong, s. 44–45
  3. ↑ Friedman, s. 81
  4. ↑ Friedman, s. 50–80
  5. ↑ Friedman, s. 81–83
  6. ↑ Armstrong, s. 108–113

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