Skulptuur

Antiikskulptuuride järgi tehtud kipskoopiad Tartu Ülikooli Kunstimuuseumis
Guanyini puuskulptuur Hongkongi kunstimuuseumis

Skulptuur (ladina keeles sculptura) on kujutava kunsti põhiliike graafika ja maalikunsti kõrval, mille peamiseks väljendusvahendiks on vorm.

Skulptuur on ruumiline ehk kolmemõõtmeline kunstiteos. See võib olla vabalt seisev ja ümberringi töödeldud nn ümarplastika või esineda mingi pinna külge liidetud reljeefina, millel on välja töötatud ainult esikülg. Materjalidena kasutatakse mitut liiki kivi (graniit, basalt, marmor, liivakivi, lubjakivi nt), puitu, elevandiluud, metalle (pronks, raud, teras), savi (terrakota, keraamika, portselan jt).

Skulptuure kavandavaid ja valmistavaid inimesi nimetatakse skulptoriteks ehk kujuriteks.

Protsess

Suuremate skulptuuride loomisel valmistatakse kõigepealt savist või plastiliinist kavand ja siis originaalsuuruses savimudel, millest tehakse omakorda kipsäratõmme. Punktiiraparaadi abil kantakse mõõtmed üle kivisse või puusse. Ka skulptuuri valamisele eelneb täissuuruses kipsmudeli valmistamine.

Jaotus

Pinna või objektiga seotuse alusel jaotatakse skulptuur järgmiselt:

Töötlemisviisi alusel jaotatakse skulptuur järgmiselt:

  • raidkunst – raidkunsti loomisel raiutakse kõva materjali (puit, kivi) plokist ära ülearune mass, kuni jääb järele soovitud kuju
  • plastika – plastika puhul lisatakse karkassile materjali (nt savi või plastiliini), kuni saadakse soovitud kuju. Ka valatud skulptuur on plastika.

Skulptuuri otstarbe järgi jaotatakse

Ajaloost

Abstraktne skulptuur Leedus Šiauliais

Esimese suure õitsenguaja elas skulptuur üle Vana-Egiptuses, kus madal- ja süvendreljeefi kasutati laialdaselt templite ning haudade kaunistamiseks. Teine hiilgeaeg saabus Vana-Kreeka hiilgeaegadel, mil kujunes välja ümarplastika ning tegutsesid sellised kuulsad kunstnikud nagu Pheidias, Polykleitos, Praxiteles ja Lysippos. Romaani ja gooti kunstis seisis skulptuur arhitektuuri teenistuses. 15. sajandist hakkas kasvama puuskulptuuri osatähtsus ning skulptuuris nähti jälle iseseisvat kunstiliiki. Loodi vabalt seisvaid ümarfiguure, toimus portree- ja monumentaalskulptuuri taassünd. Tähtsa koha omandas hauamonumentide valmistamine. Loodi aia- ja pargiskulptuure, pronksist pisiplastikat ja värvilist majoolikat. Renessansiajastu skulptuuri tippajaks on Michelangelo looming. Ka barokkskulptuuri paremik pärineb Itaalia meistritelt (näit Bernini).

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Välislingid

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