Arseen

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Arseen

Arseen on keemiline element järjenumbriga 33.

Nimetus on tulnud kreekakeelsest sõnast arsenikon 'mehelik, tugev', millega Dioskurides 1. sajandil nimetas auripigmenti selle tugeva mürgisuse pärast. Nimetust mõjutas nähtavasti selle mineraali pärsiakeelne nimetus zarnik 'kuldkollane', mis oli teada semi keelte vahendusel (praegu زرنيخ ).

Arseeniühendid on tuntud juba antiikajast. Keemilise elemendina määratles arseeni Antoine Lavoisier aastal 1789.

Arseenil on üks stabiilne isotoop massiarvuga 75.

Omadustelt on arseen poolmetall.

Ta esineb mitme allotroopse vormina. Normaaltingimustel on stabiilseim hall, rabe tahke aine tihedusega 5,7 g/cm³. Atmosfäärirõhul kuumutamisel arseen ei sula, vaid sublimeerub temperatuuril 614 °C. Kõrgemal rõhul sulab arseen temperatuuril 817 °C.

Arseeniühendeid on palju ja arseeni varud on praktiliselt piiramatud. Lihtainena esineb arseen harva.

Kõik vees lahustuvad arseeniühendid on inimorganismile mürgised. Tuntuim neist on As4O6 ehk rahvapäraselt arseenik. Surmav kogus inimesele on 0,05–0,1 g. Pikka aega arvati, et Napoleon I suri arseenimürgistusse. Arseeni kasutatakse ka rotimürkide koostises.

Galliumi ühendid arseeniga võimaldavad luua väga heade omadustega pooljuhte, mille elektrilised parameetrid ja temperatuuritaluvus on tunduvalt paremad kui räni (Si) baasil loodud pooljuhtidel. Galliumarseniid (GaAs) on pooljuhtseadiste uuema põlvkonna materjal.

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