Paideia

Paideia estas greka vorto (παιδεία), kiu en sia litera kaj origina signifo valoras “edukadon”, kiel tekniko per kiu oni pretigas infanojn al la vivo. Sed la termino, dum la helenisma epoko, kaj la koncepto paideia pliriĉiĝis per novaj signifoj ĝis ĝi esprimis la idealon de la homa perfekteco, akirita pere de praktiko de la artoj, de la literaturo kaj sciencoj.

En la klasika Ateno oni praktikadis la instruadon de junuloj per du paralelaj branĉoj: la paideia fizika, destinita al la prizorgo de la korpo kaj ties plifortigo, kaj la paideia psika (spirita, mensa), celanta garantii la harmonian socialigon de la unuopulo en la Polis, aŭ provizi la eninternigon de tiuj universalaj valoroj kiuj konstituis la “etoson” de la popolo.

En la eduka procezo de la fizika paideia eniris ankaŭ la uzo de armiloj por ke la milito estu konstanta perspektivo eĉ nobliganta la junularon.

Tiu psika (spirita, intelekta) paideia multe interesis Platonon, kaj sur ĝi li fundos la bazajn projektojn de renovigo en la konservado de la greka homo.

La latinoj Cicerono kaj Varono tradukis παιδεία per “humanitas” (el kiu “humanismo”) enprenante en tiu termino la valorojn kiuj nobligas la homan naturon kaj ĝin forprenas el la besteco. En la helenisma epoko παιδεία signifas civilizon kaj kulturon, sed kulturo kiel idealo de homa formiĝo kaj ne kiel kvanto de scioj. La ekvivalento aperas el la germana distingo inter Bildung kaj Kultur, idealo kiu ricevis ofte pli religian karakteron: la helenisma civilizo, poste, antaŭvidis en ĝi anticipon de la beata vivo, la vojoj por akiri senmortecon.

La modelo de la klasika Grekio estis imitita de la antikva Romo kaj de la Romia Imperio kaj plurfoje renaskiĝis laŭ novaj transformoj kun la naskiĝo de novaj kulturoj, dekomence kun la alestiĝo de kristanismo, poste kun la Humanismo kaj Renesanco.

Kun kristanismo perdis ion da altiro la korpa prizorgo kaj ankaŭ la spiritaj enhavoj evoluiĝis al la kristanaj valoroj.

Bibliografio

  • Quacquarelli A., Le fonti della paideia antinicena, Brescia, 1967.
  • Werner Jaeger, Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture, vols. I-III, trans. Gilbert Highet, Oxford University Press, 1944, ISBN 8807103524

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