Đuraš Ilijić

Đuraš Ilijić
dominus, čelnik, vojvoda
Inscription on his tombstone
Holding(s)Upper Zeta
BornZeta (now Montenegro)
Died1362 (murdered)
BuriedChurch of St. Michael, Miholjska prevlaka
FamilyĐurašević (Crnojević)
Fatherkefalija Ilija
Occupationprovincial governor, military commander

Đuraš Ilijić (Serbian Cyrillic: Ђураш Илијић[a], fl. 1326–62) was a Serbian commander[1] and nobleman who served the Serbian monarchs Stefan Dečanski (r. 1321–1331), Stefan Dušan (r. 1331–1355) and Uroš V (r. 1355–1371), from 1326 until his death in 1362. He had the title of čelnik ("head"), and governed Upper Zeta. He is an ancestor of the Crnojević noble family (a branch of the Đurašević).

Origin and early life

Đuraš was born in Zeta, the son of Ilija, and grandson of Đuraš Vrančić[2][better source needed]. His grandfather served King Stefan Milutin (r. 1282–1321) with the court title of stavilac,[2][3] while his father had the title of kefalija, and governed Zeta.[4] It has been claimed that Đuraš had two brothers, Nikola and Vladin,[5] or one brother, Nikola Vladin.[6][clarification needed]

King Stefan Dečanski's confirmation on the rights of Ragusan merchants dating to March 25, 1326, was attended by vojvoda Mladen, tepčija Vladoje, and čelnik Đuraš Ilijić.[7][2] At that time the title of čelnik was of a higher rank than stavilac, but lower than kaznac and tepčija, with vojvoda being the supreme title.[8] It is unclear if there was one or several with that title at the court; the next year, Gradislav Vojšić is mentioned as serving the King as čelnik.[8] In the conflict between Stefan Dečanski and his son Dušan in 1331, Đuraš sided with Dušan.[2] According to Mavro Orbini (1601), when Dušan took his army from Zeta against his father in Raška, he had with him two advisors, Karavida and Đuraš.[9][10] Dečanski surrendered in August, and Dušan was crowned King in September.[11]

Klis and Skradin

In early 1355, Emperor Dušan sent an army, led by knight Palman and Đuraš Ilijić, to defend Klis and Skradin which were in the hands of Dušan's sister, Jelena, the widow of Mladen III Šubić, from Hungarian attacks.[12] Jelena was pressured by both Hungary and the Republic of Venice.[13] Palman held Klis, while Đuraš held Skradin.[14] Among Đuraš's army were his brothers, sons and nephews.[13] The army was not able to hold out the pressure of the Hungarian army.[12] The inhabitants were not ready, while there was some indecisive fighting.[13] Emperor Dušan died on December 20, 1355, in unclear circumstances.[12] This was his last activity.[13] On January 10, 1356, Đuraš ceded Skradin to the Republic of Venice, as Dušan had ordered him in case it could not be defended from the Hungarians.[14][15] Dušan had sought a flotilla from Venice for his planned campaign on Constantinople.[13]

Death

According to Mavro Orbini (1601), the Balšić family started to expand in Lower Zeta after the death of Emperor Dušan, during the weak rule of Emperor Uroš V.[16] In 1360 they held a part of the land between Lake Skadar and the Adriatic Sea.[16] The Balšić brothers continued into Upper Zeta, which was held by Đuraš Ilijić and his relatives, and killed Đuraš and had some of his relatives captured while the rest left the land, "and thus also ruled Upper Zeta".[16] This took place after 1362.[16]

In Prevlaka in the Bay of Kotor, a plate was found, which says, among other things, "Servant of Christ, Joakim, called Đuraš, grandson of stavilac Đuraš" (Раб Христу Јоаким а зовом Ђураш, унук ставиоца Ђураша)[17] and that he was a "fearsome knight of Emperor Stefan [Dušan]" (у цара у Стјепана трети витез).[18][19] It is agreed that this was the tombstone of Đuraš Ilijić.[20]

He was the progenitor of the Đurašević, the later Crnojević noble family.[21] It has been claimed that he either had three sons: Crnoje, Stefan and Dobrovoj,[5] or two sons: Crnoje and Stefan Dobrovoj.[6]

Titles of nobility
Preceded by
Ilija
 Governor of Upper Zeta
1326–1362 		Succeeded byas Lord of Zeta
Preceded by Castellan of Skradin[22]
1355–January 10, 1356 		Republic of Venice
Court offices
Preceded by čelnik of the Serbian Kingdom
fl. 1326 		Succeeded by

Annotations

  1. ^
    His surname is also spelled Ilić (Ђураш Илић).[21] A Latin document calls him "dominus Juras Yscete" (Đuraš of Zeta),[21] "filius quondam Helie de Raxia" (son of Ilija of Serbia).[23]

References

  1. ^ Srejović, Gavrilović & Ćirković 1982, p. 557: "...The army of the Serbian ruler did not stay long in the towns of Jelena Subić. Since he could not hold out, Đuraš Ilijić handed over Skradin to the Venetians. The Serbian commander acted on this way according to the divine instructions of Emperor Stefan Dušan, not realizing that he died on December 20, 1355...."
  2. ^ a b c d Veselinović & Ljušić 2008, p. 125.
  3. ^ Blagojević 2001, p. 34.
  4. ^ Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti (1991) [1987]. Arhiepiskop Danilo II i njegovo doba. Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti. p. 146. ISBN 9788670251373.
  5. ^ a b Vjesnik Kr. državnog arkiva u Zagrebu. Tisak zaklade tiskare narodnih novina. 1918. Црнојевићи. ћураш Вранчић, ставилац. Илија. — Ђураш Илић, челшик, t: после Никола Владин 1362, (гроб Превлака), 1326–1862. Потомци ових ђурашевића: Црноје. ! -– – Радич Црнојевић, f (погинуо) Стефан. Добровој.
  6. ^ a b Aleksa Ivić (1923). Rodoslovne tablice srpskih dinastija i vlastele. Црнс^евиЬи. Тэураш ВранчиЬ, ставилац. I I I Ъураш ИлиЪ, челник, + после 1362, Никола Владин (гроб Превлака), 1326—1362. Потомци ових ЪурашевиКа: Црно1е. Радин Црно^евиЪ, + (погинуо) Стефан Доброво^ 25. апр.
  7. ^ Blagojević 2001, p. 27.
  8. ^ a b Blagojević 2001, p. 211.
  9. ^ Svetislav Mandić (1981). Črte i reze: fragmenti starog imenika. Slovo ljubve. p. 121.
  10. ^ Младен Лесковац; Александар Форишковић; Чедомир Попов (2004). Српски биографски речник. Vol. 2. Будућност. p. 652. ISBN 9788683651627.
  11. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 273–274.
  12. ^ a b c Veselinović & Ljušić 2008, p. 65.
  13. ^ a b c d e Fajfrić 2000, ch. 41.
  14. ^ a b Srejović, Gavrilović & Ćirković 1982, p. 556.
  15. ^ Blagojević 2001, p. 210.
  16. ^ a b c d Fajfrić 2000, ch. 44.
  17. ^ Vranjski glasnik. Vol. 24–28. Narodni muzej u Vranju. 1992. p. 39. а на Превлаци у Боки Которској је пронађена плоча на којој је, између осталог, исклесано: „Раб Христу Јоаким а зовом Ђураш, унук ставиоца Ђураша
  18. ^ Сима Ћирковић; Раде Михальчић (1999). Лексикон српског средњег века. Knowledge. ISBN 9788683233014. На надгробном натпису Јоакима Ћураша, унука ставиоца Ђураша Вранчића, стоји да је био у цара у Стјепана трети витез. У вези с тим подат- ком добија на тежини казивање дубровачког исто- ричара Јакете Лукаревића (1605),
  19. ^ Лазо М Костић (2000). Његош и српство. Српска радикална странка. ISBN 978-86-7402-035-7. Тамо се диже један стуб, и данас очуван, који је био на гробу Ђураша Илића умрлог приближно 1360. Тамо стоји "Раб божи Гураш, унук ставилца Гураша Вранчика, би у цара Стјепана трети витез..."
  20. ^ Vasilije Marković (1920). Pravoslavno monaštvo i manastiri u srednjevekovnoj Srbiji. Srpska manastirska štamparija. За гроб Ђураша, који „би у цара Степана трећи витез", узима се да је то гроб Ђураша Илића, ро- доначелника ...
  21. ^ a b c Srpski etnografski zbornik. Vol. 20. Akademija. 1913. p. 390.
  22. ^ Istorija Črne Gore: Od kraja XII do kraqja XV vijeka. 2 pts. Red. za istoriju Črne Gore. 1970. p. 67.
  23. ^ Konstantin Jireček; Vatroslav Jagić (1912). Staat und Gesellschaft im mittelalterlichen Serbien: Studien zur Kulturgeschichte des 13.-15. Jahrhunderts. Zentralantiquariat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. p. 30. In der eigentlichen Obergabsurkunde vom selben Tage (in beiden Sammlungen) ist GjuraS allein, ohne seine Verwandten genannt:, dominus Juras Yscete (serb. 'iz Zete', aus der Zeta), filius quondam Helie de Raxia', Glasnik ib. p. 34—37

Sources