Yuri Orlov

For the zoologist, see Yuri Alexandrovich Orlov.
Not to be confused with the fictional lead character in the film Lord of War.
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Fyodorovich and the family name is Orlov.
Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov
Юрий Фёдорович Орлов
Orlov in 1986
Born(1924-08-13)13 August 1924
Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
Died27 September 2020(2020-09-27) (aged 96)
Ithaca, New York, U.S.
NationalityRussian
Citizenship
Alma materMoscow State University, Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics
Known forhis scientific work and participation in human rights movement in the Soviet Union
Spouses
Childrensons Dmitri, Aleksandr,[7] Lev[3]
AwardsCarter-Menil Human Rights Prize (1986), honorary doctorate Uppsala University (1990)[1] Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service (1995), Andrei Sakharov Prize (APS) (2006), Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators American Physical Society (2020)[2]
Scientific career
FieldsAccelerator physics, Nuclear physics
Institutions
Orlov's voice
Recorded 11 May 2011
during an interview for Ekho Moskvy

Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov (Russian: Ю́рий Фёдорович Орло́в, 13 August 1924 – 27 September 2020) was a particle accelerator physicist,[8] human rights activist,[9] Soviet dissident,[10] founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group,[11] a founding member of the Soviet Amnesty International group.[12] He was declared a prisoner of conscience[13] while serving nine years in prison and internal exile for monitoring the Helsinki human rights accords, he was declared a prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International [14] as a founder of the human rights movement in the Soviet Union.[15] Following his release from exile, Orlov was allowed to emigrate to the U.S. and became a professor of physics at Cornell University.

Early career

Yuri Orlov was born into a working-class family on 13 August 1924 and grew up in a village near Moscow.[16] His parents were Klavdiya Petrovna Lebedeva and Fyodor Pavlovich Orlov.[3] In March 1933, his father died.[3]

From 1944 to 1946, Orlov served as an officer in the Soviet army.[17] In 1952, he graduated from the Moscow State University and began his postgraduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics[18] where he later worked as a physicist.[17]

In 1956, Orlov nearly lost his scientist career due to his speech at the party meeting about discussion of the report "On the Personality Cult and its Consequences" by Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU. He publicly called Stalin and Beria "killers who were in power" and put forward the requirement of "democracy on the basis of socialism."[19] For his pro-democracy speech in 1956, he was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and fired from his job.[17]

What is the meaning of life? That your soul may outlive your remains in something sacred and should escape decay ... I have again looked at, added up, corrected, and sized up what I have been doing during these last years and have seen that this is good ... (Yuri Orlov, 1980)[20]

Orlov obtained the Candidate of Sciences degree in 1958 and the Doctor of Sciences degree in 1963.[18] He became an expert on particle acceleration.[16] In 1968, he was elected a corresponding member of the Armenian Academy of Sciences[16] after he found work at the Yerevan Physics Institute.[17] In 1972, he came back to Moscow and worked at the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism.[17]

Dissidence

In September 1973, when Pravda published a statement by a group of prominent academics denouncing Andrei Sakharov's anti-patriotic activity, Orlov decided to support him, while recollecting the well memorized spells of the 1930s, in which some academics demanded the death penalty for others already arrested; later some of these academics themselves were arrested, with some academics who were not arrested demanding the death penalty for them.[19][21]: 163 [22]: 161 

Defending Sakharov, Orlov on 16 September 1973 wrote "Open Letter to L.I. Brezhnev about the Reasons for the Intellectual Backwardness in the USSR and Proposals to Overcome It"[23] which appeared in underground samizdat circulation.[24] The Western press published the letter in 1974[25] but publication in the Russian press was only in 1991.[26] In the early 1970s, the article by Yuri Orlov "Is a Non-Totalitarian Type of Socialism Possible?" also appeared in underground samizdat circulation.[24]

In 1973, he was fired after becoming a founding member of the first Amnesty International group in the Soviet Union.[17]

In May 1976, he organized the Moscow Helsinki Group and became its chairman.[17] Andrei Sakharov praised Orlov for systematically documenting Soviet violations of the human rights provisions of the Helsinki accords.[27] Orlov ignored orders to disband the Moscow Helsinki Group when the KGB told him the group was illegal.[28] The KGB head Yuri Andropov determined, "The need has thus emerged to terminate the actions of Orlov, fellow Helsinki monitor Ginzburg and others once and for all, on the basis of existing law."[29]

Arrest and trial

On 10 February 1977, Orlov was arrested.[30][31][32] In March 1977, Orlov published the article about his arrest "The road to my arrest."[33] In a closed trial, he was denied the right to examine evidence and to call witnesses.[34]

The courtroom was filled with some 50 individuals selected by the authorities, while supporters and friends of Orlov, including Andrei Sakharov, were barred from entering because there was no room.[7] Orlov's summation was interrupted many times by the judge and the prosecutor and by spectators who shouted "spy" and "traitor."[7] According to Orlov's wife Irina, hostile spectators in the courtroom applauded the sentence and shouted: "You should have given him more."[35]

Orlov at the trial argued that he has a right to criticize the government and a right to circulate such criticism under the freedom of information provisions of the Helsinki Accords.[7] Orlov also argued that he circulated such information for humanitarian, not subversive, reasons.[7] On 15 May 1978, Orlov was sentenced to seven years of a labor camp and five years internal exile for his work with the Moscow Helsinki Group.[36]

Protests over Orlov's trial

US President Jimmy Carter expressed his concern over the severity of the sentence and the secrecy of the trial.[37] Washington senator Henry M. Jackson said, "The Orlov trial, and the Ginzburg and Shcharansky incarcerations, are dramatic cases in point" when discussing Soviet breaches of law.[38] The US National Academy of Sciences officially protested against the trial of Orlov.[39]

In the summer of 1978, 2,400 American scientists[40] including physicists at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory created Scientists for Sakharov, Orlov and Shcharansky (SOS), an international movement to promote and protect the human rights of scientists.[41]: 547  An initiator of SOS was American physicist Andrew Sessler,[42] its chairman was Prof. Morris Pripstein.[43] Scientists at CERN have spoken out against Orlov's imprisonment for "disseminating anti-Soviet propaganda".[44] 43 physicists have called off Soviet trips to protest his jailing.[45]

Imprisonment and exile

A street in Kobyay

For a year and a half, Orlov was imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison, then Perm Camp 35 and 37.[20] In Perm Camp 37, he mounted three hunger strikes to make the prison authorities return his confiscated writings and notes.[46] Two articles written by him in the camp were smuggled and published abroad.[47] On 5 July 1983, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky sent the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov a letter asking for his release to Austria, but it was intentionally not answered.[48]

The New York-based Helsinki Watch issued a statement about Orlov's health deterioration, "He has frequent headaches and dizzy spells, resulting from an old skull injury. He suffers from kidney and prostate inflammation, low blood pressure, rheumatic pains, toothaches, insomnia and vitamin deficiency. Medical care in the labor camp is extremely inadequate."[27] Orlov suffered from tuberculosis.[49] He lost a good deal of weight and most of his teeth.[50] Orlov's wife said he looked emaciated and that she was "very fearful for my husband's health. The authorities are gradually killing him."[51]

In 1984, Orlov was exiled to Kobyay in Siberia and was allowed to buy a house with a garden.[32] On 14 November 1985, Professor George Wald raised the case of Orlov in a talk with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev who answered he had not heard of Orlov.[52]

Deportation and US citizenship

On 30 September 1986, the KGB proposed to expel Orlov from the Soviet Union after depriving him of his Soviet citizenship and met with approval from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.[53] Orlov's discharge from Siberian exile was part of the U.S.–Soviet deal to release journalist Nicholas Daniloff.[54] Orlov's release from exile and expulsion from the USSR lifted hopes among Westerners that the Helsinki process might finally start yielding progress.[55] Former US President Jimmy Carter said, "As for Orlov, we're very delighted with this happy occurrence. We would like to meet with him if he comes to this country, but I don't know that he will. I have no way of knowing his plans."[56]

On 10 December 1986, Orlov was awarded the Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize of $100,000.[57]: 253  In 1987, Orlov began work at Cornell University as a scientist and professor.[58] Orlov was a visiting fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1988/89.[6][59] A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Orlov studied particle accelerator design, beam interaction analysis and quantum mechanics. He authored and co-authored numerous research papers,[60] articles on human rights,[61] and an autobiography, Dangerous Thoughts (1991).[62]

In 1990, Gorbachev restored Soviet citizenship to Orlov and other 23 prominent exiles and emigres who lost the right in the period from 1966 to 1988.[63][64][65] Orlov told Gorbachev, "I would say you have a very great power in your hands, the K.G.B., and you should therefore carry out your reforms without fearing anyone at all. Afterward, you should liquidate the K.G.B., because it is a cancer."[66] On 18 July 1991, Orlov and Elena Bonner wrote an open letter about the fact that Soviet army and special troops have been systematically deporting thousands of Armenians from Azerbaijan to Armenia.[67]

In 1993, Orlov received American citizenship.[59]

In 1995, the American Physical Society awarded him the Nicholson Medal for Humanitarian Service.[68] In 2005, he was named the first recipient of the Andrei Sakharov Prize, awarded biennially by the American Physical Society to honor scientists for exceptional work in promoting human rights.[68][69] In 2020, a few days before Orlov died, the American Physical Society awarded him the 2021 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators for his scientific work and for "embodying the spirit of scientific freedom."

In 2004, Orlov expressed his opinion about Russia and Vladimir Putin by saying, "Russia is flying backwards in time. Putin is like Stalin, and he speaks in the language of the thug, the mafia."[70] On 24 March 2005, Orlov wrote a letter to Putin to express disquiet over the criminal prosecution of Anna Mikhalchuk, Yuri Samodurov, and Ludmila Vasilovskaya in the case concerning the Sakharov Museum exhibition on religion.[71]

Orlov participated in two documentaries about the Soviet dissident movement, They Chose Freedom[72] in 2005, and Parallels, Events, People in 2014. He was a member of the Human Rights Watch Asia Advisory and Academic Freedom Committees, and member of the Honorary 25th Anniversary Committee, Global Rights.

Orlov died on 27 September 2020, aged 96.[73]

References

  1. ^ "Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden". 9 June 2023.
  2. ^ "2021 Robert R. Wilson Prize for Achievement in the Physics of Particle Accelerators Recipient". American Physical Society.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Орлов Юрий Федорович (р. 1924)" [Orlov Yuri Fyodorovich (b. 1924)] (in Russian). The Sakharov Center.
  4. ^ Shultz, George (1993). Turmoil and triumph: my years as secretary of state. Scribner's. p. 749. ISBN 978-0-684-19325-0.
  5. ^ "Yuri Orlov vows he'll continue to struggle for human rights". Kentucky New Era. 2 October 1986. p. 48.
  6. ^ a b "The Yuri Orlov file". The National Security Archive.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Orlov receives maximum sentence" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. Vol. LXXXV, no. 113. 21 May 1978. p. 2.
  8. ^ "Yuri Orlov (1924–2020)". CERN. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
  9. ^ Zellick, Graham (1980). "The Criminal Trial and the Disruptive Defendant". The Modern Law Review. 43 (2): 121–135. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01585.x.
  10. ^ Human Rights Watch World Report 1990. Human Rights Watch. 1991. p. 296.
  11. ^ "CERN turns its back on Yuri Orlov". New Scientist. 91 (1260): 4. 2 July 1981.
  12. ^ Garelik, Glenn (21 July 1991). "Science and dissidence". The Washington Post.
  13. ^ Halperin, Israel (1984). "Prisoners of conscience". Physics Today. 37 (12): 94. Bibcode:1984PhT....37l..94H. doi:10.1063/1.2916026.
  14. ^ "Orlov receives red carpet from Western science". New Scientist. 112 (1529): 16. 9 October 1986.
  15. ^ "Founder of the Soviet human-rights movement". U.S. News & World Report. 101 (16): 23. 10 October 1986. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  16. ^ a b c Wren, Christopher (1 October 1986). "Man in the news; a pragmatic crusader: Yuri Fyodorovich Orlov". The New York Times.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Andrei Sakharov and human rights. Council of Europe. 2010. p. 151. ISBN 978-9287169471.
  18. ^ a b Marshak, Robert (September 1978). "Orlov dissident trial in perspective". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 34 (7): 5–6. Bibcode:1978BuAtS..34g...5M. doi:10.1080/00963402.1978.11458529.
  19. ^ a b "Юрий Орлов. Человек-легенда" [Yuri Orlov. Legendary man]. Radio Liberty (in Russian). 15 August 2014.
  20. ^ a b Bailey, Anthony (25 April 1983). "Orlov". The New Yorker. p. 40.
  21. ^ Orlov, Yuri (1991). "Chapter thirteen. In the opposition". Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life. New York: William Morrow and Company. pp. 163–176. ISBN 978-0-688-10471-9.
  22. ^ Орлов, Юрий (1992). "Глава тринадцатая. В оппозиции" [Chapter thirteen. In the opposition]. Опасные мысли: Мемуары из рус. жизни [Dangerous Thoughts. Memoirs of a Russian Life] (in Russian). Moscow: Аргументы и факты. pp. 161–174. ISBN 978-5852720023.
  23. ^ De Boer, S. P.; Driessen, Evert; Verhaar, Hendrik (1982). Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 405. ISBN 978-9024725380.
  24. ^ a b Shifman, Mikhail, ed. (2015). Physics in a mad world. World Scientific. p. 445. ISBN 978-9814619318.
  25. ^ Orlov 1974.
  26. ^ Aksyutin & Medvedev 1991.
  27. ^ a b Eaton, William (1 October 1986). "Harshly treated: Orlov: ordeal for symbol of dissent ends". The Los Angeles Times.
  28. ^ Potok, Chaim; Slepak, Leonid; Slepak, Vladimir; Slepak, Alexander; Slepak, Maria (2010). The gates of November. Random House Publishing Group. p. 175. ISBN 978-0-307-57551-7.
  29. ^ Snyder, Sarah (2011). Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-139-49892-0.
  30. ^ Shanker, Thom (1 October 1986). "Bitter Siberian ordeal ends at last for Yuri Orlov". Bangor Daily News. p. 9.
  31. ^ Bailey, Anthony (19 September 1977). "Defending Yuri Orlov". The New Yorker. p. 29.
  32. ^ a b "Yuri Orlov Soviet dissident group founder". UPI. 6 October 1986.
  33. ^ Orlov 1977.
  34. ^ Oshins, Eddie (3 February 1983). "The case of Yuri Orlov". The New York Review of Books. 30 (1).
  35. ^ "Yuri Orlov sentenced to 12 years". Herald-Journal. Vol. 106, no. 99. 19 May 1978.
  36. ^ "CERN scientists speak out for Orlov". New Scientist. 94 (1306): 473. 20 May 1982.
  37. ^ Carter, Jimmy. "Presidential Documents. Week Ending Friday, May 26, 1978". Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter, 1978, Book 1: January 1 to June 30, 1978. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 938.
  38. ^ "U.S. senators seek Nobel for Helsinki groups" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. Vol. LXXXV, no. 159. 16 July 1978. pp. 1–2.
  39. ^ Ziman, John (1979). "Science and Human Rights". Index on Censorship. 8: 41–44. doi:10.1080/03064227908532880. S2CID 143084296.
  40. ^ "Soviet physicist could face new jail term". New Scientist. 101 (1396): 4. 9 February 1984.
  41. ^ Pripstein, Morris (1991). "Sakharov, scientists, and human rights; a personal recollection". Andrei Sakharov: facets of a life. Atlantica Séguier Frontières. pp. 546–548. ISBN 978-2863320969.
  42. ^ Sessler, Andrew (1 April 1995). "Physicist and the eternal struggle for human rights". Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 40 (2).
  43. ^ Lipkin, Harry (2013). Andrei Sakharov: quarks and the structure of matter. World Scientific. p. 11. ISBN 978-9814407434.
  44. ^ "A small word in support of Orlov". New Scientist. 96 (1331): 341. 11 November 1982.
  45. ^ O'Toole, Thomas (3 June 1978). "Orlov's sentence causes third U.S. physicist group to cancel Russian trip". The Washington Post.
  46. ^ "Concerns about Orlov's health". New Scientist: 592. 22 November 1979.
  47. ^ Orlov (1981, 1982)
  48. ^ "About the letter by Bruno Kreisky to the Soviet leader Yuri Andropov" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-14. Retrieved 2005-07-14.
  49. ^ "Soviet dissident Orlov reported terminally ill". Los Angeles Times. 15 November 1985.
  50. ^ "Yuri Orlov is reported very sick" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. Vol. LII, no. 24. 10 June 1984. p. 2.
  51. ^ "Concern about Orlov's health". New Scientist. 84 (1182): 592. 22 November 1979.
  52. ^ "Russian dissident Yuri Orlov close to death, says scientist". The Glasgow Herald. 15 November 1985.
  53. ^ "О лишении гражданства и выдворении из СССР Орлова Ю.Ф." [On the deprivation of citizenship and expulsion of Orlov Yu F. from the USSR] (PDF) (in Russian). Soviet archives collected by Vladimir Bukovsky. 30 September 1986.
  54. ^ Valentine, Paul (6 October 1986). "Soviet dissident Orlov starts 'a new life' in U.S." The Washington Post.
  55. ^ Snyder, Sarah (2011-06-20). Human rights activism and the end of the Cold War: a transnational history of the Helsinki network. Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-139-49892-0.
  56. ^ "Yuri Orlov wins human rights award". Lodi News-Sentinel. 1 October 1986.
  57. ^ Hochman, Steven (2009). "Carter center". In Forsythe, David (ed.). Encyclopedia of human rights. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 252–256. ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9.
  58. ^ Lanier, Alfredo (5 June 2000). "Network forms to aid scholars at risk". The Chicago Tribune.
  59. ^ a b "Curriculum vitae of Yuri Orlov" (PDF). Cornell University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2015.
  60. ^ "Yuri F. Orlov". 2007-06-10. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  61. ^ Orlov 1979; Orlov & Bethell 1987; Orlov (1988a, 1988b); Gottfried & Orlov 1989; Birman, Lizhi & Winick 1994
  62. ^ Sessler, Andrew (1991). "Book Review: Dangerous Thoughts: Memoirs of a Russian Life". Physics Today. 44 (11): 92–93. Bibcode:1991PhT....44k..92S. doi:10.1063/1.2810325.
  63. ^ "Citizenship: better late than never". Time. 27 August 1990.
  64. ^ "Solzhenitsyn, 22 others qet citizenship back". The Pittsburgh Press. 16 August 1990. p. A8.
  65. ^ "Solzhenitsyn cool as Moscow confirms offer". The New York Times. 17 August 1990.
  66. ^ Rosenthal, Andrew (5 December 1987). "For the Soviet emigres, Gorbachev stirs both optimism and skepticism". The New York Times.
  67. ^ Bonner & Orlov 1991.
  68. ^ a b Gold, Lauren (14 November 2005). "First Andrei Sakharov Prize for human rights goes to Cornell physicist and former Soviet gulag prisoner Yuri Orlov". Cornell Chronicle.
  69. ^ "2018 Stanley Corrsin Award Recipient". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  70. ^ "Soviet-era dissidents despise Putin". The Washington Times. 13 November 2004.
  71. ^ Orlov, Yuri (24 March 2005). "A letter to Vladimir Putin". Sakharov Center. Archived from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  72. ^ В Москве прошла презентация фильма "Они выбрали свободу" об истории диссидентов в СССР [In Moscow, the presentation of the film They Chose Freedom went off] (in Russian). NEWSru.com. 1 December 2005.
  73. ^ The founder of the Moscow Helsinki Group, Yuri Orlov, dies[usurped]

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Montu «[Ramses II] la cui vittoria fu predetta non appena uscì dall'utero,e a cui il coraggio fu dato quando ancora era nell'uovo -toro fermo di cuore mentre batte l'arena,re divino che esce come Montu nel giorno della vittoria.» (Stele di Bentresh[1]) Montu è una divinità della religione egizia. Era il dio-falco della guerra, incarnazione della vitalità conquistatrice del faraone[2], particolarmente venerato nell'Alto Egitto e nel distretto di Tebe, benché originario d...

 

 

Повітряні сили Збройних сил України

Ця стаття потребує додаткових посилань на джерела для поліпшення її перевірності. Будь ласка, допоможіть удосконалити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Зверніться на сторінку обговорення за поясненнями та допоможіть виправити недоліки. Мат...

Noura Ben Slama

Tunisian handball player (born 1985) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (May 2024) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate te...

 

 

Fifth Kohl cabinet

This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Fifth Kohl cabinet – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fifth Cabinet of Helmut Kohl Cabinet Kohl V17th Cabinet of the Federal Republic of Germany15 November 1994 – 27 October 1998Helmut KohlDate formed15 No...

 

 

Гран-при Канады 1995 года

Гран-при Канады 1995 года Дата 11 июня 1995 года Место Монреаль, Канада Трасса Автодром имени Жиля Вильнева (4430 м) Дистанция 69 кругов, 305,670 км Поул 1:27,661 Михаэль ШумахерBenetton-Renault Быстрый круг 1:29,17467-й круг Михаэль ШумахерBenetton-Renault Подиум Победитель Жан АлезиFerrari 2-е место Рубе...

Thirunelli Temple

Temple in India Thirunelli TempleReligionAffiliationHinduismDistrictWayanadDeityLord Maha VishnuLocationLocationBrahmagiriStateKeralaCountry IndiaThirunelli Mahavishnu Temple, Wayanad, KeralaGeographic coordinates11°54′42″N 75°59′45″E / 11.91173°N 75.99583°E / 11.91173; 75.99583SpecificationsTemple(s)OneElevation890.02 m (2,920 ft) Thirunelli Temple front view Thirunelli Temple (also spelled Tirunelli) is an ancient temple dedicated to Maha V...

 

 

Boeing XP-15

Boeing XP-15 adalah prototipe pesawat udara tempur bersayap sepasang dari Amerika Serikat, yang kedua yang akan ditunjuk jenis mengejar, setelah Boeing XP-9. Desain dan pengembangan Pesawat ini pada dasarnya merupakan versi monoplane dari Boeing P-12, berbeda dalam memiliki sayap yang lebih rendah dihilangkan dan memiliki konstruksi semua logam serta aileron diubah. XP-15 memiliki undercarriage split-poros dan roda ekor. Referensi Angelucci, Enzo. The American Fighter from 1917 to the presen...