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Yuman music is the music of Yumans, a group of Native American tribes from what is now Southern California and Baja California. They include Paipai, Havasupai, Yavapai, Walapai, Mohave, Quechan, Maricopa, Tipai-Ipai, Cocopa, and Kiliwa people.^[1] Folk songs in Yuma culture are said to be given to a person while dreaming. Many individuals who are in emotional distress go to a secluded area for a few weeks, there to receive new songs.^[2]

Singing

The songs are sung in particular cycles. Among Mohave people, a cycle could consist of 50–200 songs. Together thirty song cycles exists, all of which were initially dreamed by singers. A complete song cycle took an entire night to perform, which would be accompanied by gourd rattles or beating on baskets.^[3]

Instruments

While singing is the focus of Yuman music, it can be accompanied by rattles, which can be made of gourd or tin cans.^[4]

Documenting

Daniel Golding a Quechan filmmaker created the documentary, "Songs of the Colorado," featuring singers from Yuman speaking tribes in Arizona and Mexico. Of the music, Golding says, "The songs are all sung in the language, so if you're not learning and picking up the language, then you won't be able to understand the songs ... there are actually words telling stories..."^[5]

Evolving musical forms

An intertribal marching band called the Yuman Indian Band dates back at least to the 1920s. Composed of Quechan, Mohave, and other tribal members, they changed their name to the Quechan Indian Band in 1981.^[6]

Notable people

Preston Arrow-Weed, a Quechan elder and lead singer, Vernon Smith (Quechan), and Dale Phillips, vice chairman of the Cocopah Indian Tribe are some of the foremost Yuman musicians today.^[5] Jefferson Lewis is a younger singer.^[4]

Notes

^ Ortiz 4
^ Herzog, pp. 1–6, cited in Nettl, p. 152
^ Ortiz 65
^ ^a ^b Fenger, Darin. "Quechan tribal members share memories of long walk." Yuma Sun. 2 August 2008 (retrieved 6 June 2011)
^ ^a ^b Gilkey, Nancy. "Tribal music documentary premieres Saturday." Yuma Sun. 8 December 2010 (retrieved 5 June 2011)
^ Ortiz 95

References

Nettl, Bruno (1965). Folk and Traditional Music of the Western Continents. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Herzog, George. "Music in the Thinking of the American Indian." Peabody Bulletin, May 1933. Cited in Nettl (1965).
Ortiz, Alfonso, vol. ed. William C. Sturtevant, gen. ed. Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest, Volume 10. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1983.