first appears during the late Devonian. A major radiation of freshwater xiphosurids, the Belinuridae, is known from the Carboniferous, with the oldest representatives...

Graham A.; Nowlan, Godfrey S. (2008). "The oldest horseshoe crab: a new xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstätten deposits, Manitoba, Canada"...

horseshoe crab from the Permian-Triassic transition of South China: Xiphosurids as key components of post-extinction trophic webs". Palaeogeography,...

Young & Godfrey S. Nowlan (2008). "The oldest horseshoe crab: a new xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstätten deposits, Manitoba, Canada"...

(2026-03-25). "A new Triassic austrolimulid from Poland presents insight into xiphosurid evolution and palaeobiogeography at the dawn of the Mesozoic". PeerJ....

Frequent chelicerates (arthropods) include trace and body fossils of xiphosurid merostomes and arachnids, including Phalangiotarbida and Trigonotarbida...

Fossil of Leanchoilia superlata, a megacheiran Limulus polyphemus, a xiphosurid chelicerate Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda...

Nicolás E. Campione (17 June 2019). "On the appendicular anatomy of the xiphosurid Tachypleus syriacus and the evolution of fossil horseshoe crab appendages"...

Young & Godfrey S. Nowlan (2008). "The oldest horseshoe crab: a new xiphosurid from Late Ordovician Konservat-Lagerstätten deposits, Manitoba, Canada"...

bradoriid instead. J. Bergström (1968). "Eolimulus, a Lower Cambrian xiphosurid from Sweden". Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar. 90 (4):...

primitive members of Xiphosura. The prominent cardiac lobe is shared with xiphosurids, and Circucalimulus is thought to be the sister taxon of the group. The...

doi:10.26749/rstpp.123.127 – via UTas Eprints. Bicknell, Russell (2019). "Xiphosurid from the Upper Permian of Tasmania confirms Palaeozoic origin of Austrolimulidae"...

horseshoe crab from the Permian-Triassic transition of South China: Xiphosurids as key components of post-extinction trophic webs". Palaeogeography,...

(2026). "A new Triassic austrolimulid from Poland presents insight into xiphosurid evolution and palaeobiogeography at the dawn of the Mesozoic". PeerJ....

Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, USA, and a brief review of the xiphosurid ichnological record". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (5). Cambridge University...

of the Eurypterina Euproops Xiphosura Belinuridae E. danae A genus of xiphosurid related to modern horseshoe crabs, interestingly, juveniles may have been...

William A.; Cantrell, Amanda K.; Suazo, Thomas L.; Chaney, Dan S. (2014). "Xiphosurid fossils from the Pennsylvanian Beeman Formation, Otero County, New Mexico"...

hdl:1959.11/31907. ISSN 0311-5518. Bicknell, Russell D.C. (2019-10-13). "Xiphosurid from the Upper Permian of Tasmania confirms Palaeozoic origin of Austrolimulidae"...

S2CID 135127547. Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Pates, Stephen (19 November 2019). "Xiphosurid from the Tournaisian (Carboniferous) of Scotland confirms deep origin...

horseshoe crab from the Permian-Triassic transition of South China: Xiphosurids as key components of post-extinction trophic webs" (PDF). Palaeogeography...

last name is combined with Limulus — the most-well documented extant xiphosurid genus." Pulchritudo attenboroughi † Krell & Vitali, 2021 Beetle A fossil...

McCoy, V. E. (2025). "Mazon Creek bromalites evidence a specialized, xiphosurid-rich diet for Pennsylvanian predators". PALAIOS. 40 (8): 215–221. Bibcode:2025Palai...

12306. Bergström, Jan (20 December 1968). "Eolimulus, A Lower Cambrian Xiphosurid from Sweden". Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar. 90 (4):...

animal's final moult, representing the only such case known from the xiphosurid fossil record. Strausfeld, Andrew & Hirth (2025) report evidence of organization...

horseshoe crab from the Permian-Triassic transition of South China: Xiphosurids as key components of post-extinction trophic webs". Palaeogeography,...

Bicknell; Patrick M. Smith (2020). "Patesia n. gen., a new Late Devonian stem xiphosurid genus". Palaeoworld. 30 (3): 440–450. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2020.09.001...

Schweitzer (2019). A study on the anatomy of the appendages of the Cretaceous xiphosurid Tachypleus syriacus and on the evolution of fossil horseshoe crab appendages...

D. Gierliński; Hendrik Klein; Hassan Ibouh (2019). "New evidence of xiphosurids from the Middle Jurassic of Morocco: Palaeoenvironmental, palaeoecological...

Russell D.C. Bicknell; Stephen Pates; Mark L. Botton (2018). "Abnormal xiphosurids, with possible application to Cambrian trilobites". Palaeontologia Electronica...

the history of fossil and living xiphosurids is published by Bicknell et al. (2022). Revision of Australian xiphosurids Austrolimulus fletcheri, Dubbolimulus...