Xakriabá language

Xakriabá
Native toBrazil
RegionMinas Gerais
EthnicityXakriabá people
Extinct1864
Language codes
ISO 639-3xkr
Glottologxakr1238
ELPXakriabá

Xakriabá (also called Chakriaba, Chikriaba, Shacriaba or Shicriabá)[1] is an extinct or dormant Akuwẽ (Central Jê) language (Jê, Macro-Jê) formerly spoken in Minas Gerais, Brazil by the Xakriabá people, who today speak Portuguese.[2] The language is known through two short wordlists collected by Augustin Saint-Hilaire and Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege.[3]: 14 

The last confirmed native speaker of the language died in 1864.[citation needed]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɨ u ũ
Mid e ẽ ə o õ
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Open a ã
  • /i/ can also be heard as [ɪ] in shortened positions.

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless p t k
voiced b d
Fricative voiceless s (ʃ) h
voiced z (ʒ)
Nasal m n
Tap ɾ
Approximant w (j)
  • Sounds [j] is heard from /i/ before other vowels or within diphthongs.
  • Sounds [ʃ ʒ] are heard as allophones of /s z/.
  • Sounds [tʃ dʒ ɲ] are heard as allophones of /t d n/ when palatalized before /i/.
  • [ɡ] can be heard as an allophone of /k/.[4]

History

Before 1712, Xakriabá was originally spoken along the São Francisco River near São Romão, Minas Gerais[5] (Saint-Hilaire 2000: 340-341).[6] The Xakriabá were then forced to migrate after being defeated by Matias Cardoso de Almeida [pt] and other Paulistas from 1690 onwards. In 1819, Saint-Hilaire (1975: 145)[7] noted that the Xakriabá of Triângulo Mineiro region spoke a Xerente dialect.[5]

References

  1. ^ "Shakriabá". LINGUIST List. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2024.
  2. ^ Christopher Moseley (2007). Encyclopedia Of The World's Endangered Languages. London, UK: Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 9780700711970.
  3. ^ Nikulin, Andrey (2020). Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo (PDF) (Ph.D. dissertation). Brasília: Universidade de Brasília.
  4. ^ Rodrigues Mota, Liliane (2020). Estudo Sobre o Léxico Akwe Xakriabá: Uma Proposta de Escrita e Uma Chamada para a Revitalização da Língua. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.
  5. ^ a b Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 15(2), 223 - 277. doi:10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302
  6. ^ Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 2000. Viagem pelas províncias do Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.
  7. ^ Saint-Hilaire, Auguste de. 1975. Viagem à província de Goiás. Belo Horizonte: Editora Itatiaia.


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