Xabier Zumalde

In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Zumalde and the second or maternal family name is Romero.
Xabier Zumalde
Military Chief of ETA
In office
1965–1976
Personal details
Born(1938-08-27)27 August 1938
Amorebieta-Etxano, Spain
Died5 November 2023(2023-11-05) (aged 85)
Ascain, France
Political partyETA
OccupationMilitant

Xabier Zumalde Romero (27 August 1938 – 5 November 2023) was a Spanish-Basque militant of ETA.[1] He was ETA's military chief from 1965 to 1976.

Biography

Born in Amorebieta-Etxano on 27 August 1938, Zumalde was the son of Republican parents who fought in the Spanish Civil War.[2] He started working at the age of 12 under the regime of Francisco Franco. He started out as an apprentice metalworker and passed time in the factory by building a Winchester rifle, which was later confiscated by the Civil Guard. At the age of 18, he volunteered with the Chasseurs Alpins, where he learned about the use of weapons.[2]

Zumalde had his first contact with ETA while in detention at a police station. He then met with a priest in Amorebieta-Etxano, who made an appointment with ETA on his behalf. During his time as a liaison, he delivered a Sten submachine gun, a Luger pistol, a Star Bonifacio Echeverria handgun, and two hand bombs which he concealed near a church in Amorebieta-Etxano. In June 1965, he attended the 4th ETA assembly, where he was named military chief of the group despite barely knowing them.[2] He took the alias El Cabra, meaning "The Goat". He became an instructor of psychological guerrilla warfare and recruited many who recognized him as an elite military leader, particularly those within the French Basque Country. On 7 June 1968, Spanish Civil Guard José Pardines was shot dead in Amasa-Villabona, but Zumalde claimed to not be involved.[2] In his 11 years of leadership, he changed from El Cabra to El Brujo (The Sorcerer).

After the death of Franco, Zumalde ceased his activities with ETA in 1976.[2] On 15 October 1977, ETA made contact with him again, but he refused.[2] He later denounced the organization in an interview, claiming that "ETA has no doctrine, only hatred".[3] Later in life, he was honored for his patent on a device that aided those with limited mobility with getting in and out of the bathtub.[4]

Zumalde married his wife, Sabine, on 4 July 1966 at the Sanctuary of Arantzazu, who was also active in militancy.[citation needed]

Xabier Zumalde died in Ascain on 5 November 2023, at the age of 85.[5]

Works

  • Mi Lucha Clandestina En Eta (2004)[6]
  • Las Botas de La Guerrilla (2004)[7]

References

  1. ^ Balanzategi, Ander (5 November 2023). "Muere Xabier Zumalde, uno de los primeros dirigentes militares de ETA". El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). San Sebastián. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Malvar, Anibal (25 April 2004). "Es un peligro por lo que sabe y calla". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  3. ^ Fernández, D. (4 October 2007). "Xavier Zumalde: "La banda hoy no tiene doctrina, son 4 tíos y un tambor"". 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 October 2023.
  4. ^ "Un ex etarra metido a científico". Aupa Tú (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 28 June 2013.
  5. ^ "Muere Xabier Zumalde, 'El Cabra', uno de los primeros dirigentes militares de ETA". Noticias de Gipuzkoa (in Spanish). 5 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  6. ^ "Mi Lucha Clandestina En Eta". Open Library.
  7. ^ "Las Botas de La Guerrilla". Open Library.

Read other articles:

Castelfranco in Miscano

Castelfranco in MiscanoKomuneComune di Castelfranco in MiscanoLokasi Castelfranco in Miscano di Provinsi BeneventoNegara ItaliaWilayah CampaniaProvinsiBenevento (BN)Luas[1] • Total43,4 km2 (16,8 sq mi)Ketinggian[2]760 m (2,490 ft)Populasi (2016)[3] • Total935 • Kepadatan22/km2 (56/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos82022Kode area telepon0824Situs webh...

 

Google Workspace

G Suite dan Google Apps dialihkan ke halaman ini. Untuk aplikasi yang dikembangkan oleh Google, lihat Daftar produk Google. Google Workspace Produk Google Workspace: Gmail, Google Kalender, Google Drive, Google Docs, Google MeetTipePaket aplikasi perkantoran, Perangkat lunak milik perorangan, Komputasi awan, layanan di internet, SaaS dan perusahaan bisnis Versi pertama28 Agustus 2006; 17 tahun lalu (2006-08-28) (sebagai Google Apps untuk Domain Anda)GenrePerangkat kantor onlineLisensiTri...

 

Alamans

Pour les articles ayant des titres homophones, voir Alamand et Allamand. Expansion des Alamans du IIIe siècle au VIe siècle. Les noms indiquent les lieux de batailles, la ligne noire la frontière (limes) nord-est de l'Empire romain. Les Alamans ou Alémans (du germanique all-mann, litt. « tous les hommes » , « gens de toutes sortes » ou hommes complets ; en allemand Alamannen ou Alemannen) étaient une confédération de nations germaines principalem...

Lions de Détroit

Lions de Détroit Données clés Fondé en 1930 Président Rod Wood Entraîneur Dan Campbell Ville Détroit Michigan Pays États-Unis Ligue National Football League Conférence National Football Conference Division Nord Stade Ford FieldDonnées clés Capacité 70 000 spectateurs Maillots Données clés Couleurs Champion NFL 1935 - 1952 - 1953 - 1957 modifier Les Lions de Détroit (Detroit Lions en anglais) sont une franchise de la National Football League (NFL) basée à Détroit aux É...

 

Associazione Calcio Legnano 1940-1941

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Legnano. A.C. LegnanoStagione 1940-1941Sport calcio Squadra Legnano Allenatore Enrico Crotti Presidente cav. ing. Giulio Riva Serie C9º posto nel girone C Coppa ItaliaQualificazioni Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Colombo Ma. (30)Totale: Colombo Ma. (31) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Ricci (26)Totale: Ricci (26) StadioComunale 1939-1940 1941-1942 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa pagina raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Associazion...

 

The Freethinker (journal)

Skeptic journal For other uses, see The Freethinker (disambiguation). The FreethinkerCover of Volume III, Number 43 from October 1883CategoriesScience magazineFrequencyMonthlyFirst issue1 May 1881Final issueApril 2014 (print)CountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.freethinker.co.uk The Freethinker is a British secular humanist publication, founded by G. W. Foote in 1881.[1] One of the world's oldest surviving freethought publications, it moved online-only in 2014. It has always...

City of Warrnambool

This article is about a local government area. For the locality, see Warrnambool, Victoria. Local government area in Victoria, AustraliaCity of WarrnamboolVictoriaLocation in VictoriaPopulation35,000 (2023)[1] • Density289/km2 (749/sq mi)Established1855Gazetted23 September 1994[2]Area121 km2 (46.7 sq mi)[1]MayorBen Blain[3]Council seatWarrnamboolRegionBarwon South WestState electorate(s)South-West CoastFederal division(s)WannonWe...

 

York Outer

Localisation de la circonscription au sein du Yorkshire du Nord. La circonscription de York Outer est une circonscription électorale britannique. Comme son nom l'indique, elle couvre la périphérie de la ville d'York, dans le comté du Yorkshire du Nord. En 2010, l'ancienne circonscription d'York est divisée en deux : York Outer et York Central, cette dernière entièrement comprise à l'intérieur de l'autre. Depuis sa création, York Outer est représentée à la Chambre des commune...

 

Nanomateriali

Quello dei nanomateriali è un campo che applica un approccio basato sulla scienza dei materiali alla nanotecnologia. Studia materiali con caratteristiche morfologiche sulla nanoscala, e specialmente quelli che hanno speciali proprietà derivanti dalle dimensioni su nanoscala. La nanoscala è usualmente definita come minore di un decimo di micrometro in almeno una dimensione,[1] anche se questo termine è talvolta usato anche per materiali più piccoli di un micrometro. Il 18 ottobre ...

Education in Africa

Overview of education in Africa This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) [1]The history of education in Africa can be roughly divided into pre- and post- colonial periods. Since the introduction of formal education to Africa by European colonists, African education, particularly in West and Central Africa, is characterised by both traditional African t...

 

Corsa all'oro californiana

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento California non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Voce principale: Storia della California. La corsa all'oro californiana, o febbre dell'oro californiana, fu un periodo della storia americana segnata dall'interesse mondiale per l'oro della Sierra Nevada, nella regione centrale della California. Indice 1 Stori...

 

世界政區索引

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料，部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队（军事） 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會波蘭代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl（英文）（波兰文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式：帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基（游泳）和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡（自行车）[1]闭幕式：卡罗利娜·纳亚（皮划艇）&#...

 

صدقة

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع صدقة (توضيح). فتاة صغيرة تتصدق على عجوز فقيرة. لوحة للرسام الهندي رافي فارما. الصدقة مفهوم ديني، وهي العطية للمحتاج على وجه التقرب إلى الخالق والمعبود، ينظر المؤمنون إليها بإعجاب، ولاسيما عندما تمارس بشكل سري من قبل الغرباء «الذين يخافون الله». وللص...

 

New Dorp, Staten Island

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: New Dorp, Staten Island – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neighborhood of Staten Island in New York CityNew DorpNeighborhood of Staten IslandNew Dorp LaneEtymology: new village in DutchLocati...

1985 New York City mayoral election

1985 New York City mayoral election ← 1981 November 5, 1985 1989 →   Candidate Ed Koch Carol Bellamy Diane McGrath Party Democratic Liberal Republican Alliance Conservative Popular vote 868,260 113,471 101,668 Percentage 78.0% 10.2% 9.1% Borough resultsKoch:      70–80%      80–90% Mayor before election Ed Koch Democratic Elected Mayor Ed Koch Democratic Elections in New York State Federal government Presid...

 

Autographa pulchrina

Species of moth Beautiful golden Y Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Superfamily: Noctuoidea Family: Noctuidae Genus: Autographa Species: A. pulchrina Binomial name Autographa pulchrina(Haworth, 1809) Autographa pulchrina (beautiful golden Y) is a moth of the family Noctuoidea. It is found in Europe East to the Urals and the Caucasus.Also in the Khentii Mountains (Mongolia) and East Siberia. Description For ...

 

Estonians

Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia Ethnic group EstonianseestlasedCountries with significant Estonian population and descendants.Total populationc. 1.1 million[1]Regions with significant populations Estonia 925,892 (2023)[2]Other significant population centers: Finland49,590–100,000[a][3][4] United States29,128[5] Sweden25,509[6] Canada24,000[7] United Kingdom10,000–15,000[8] Russ...

List of crewed lunar landers

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (July 2020) This is a list of designs for crewed lunar landers, spacecraft intended to land on the Moon. A key aspect is achieving a soft landing, and for an ascent stage to successfully escape the Moon's gravity.[1] Another aspect is how many stages the design has to undergo to achieve its objective, and the number of passengers and amount of payload it can carry.[1] Name Manufacturer Operator (program and operat...

 

清州廣播

此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2012年6月6日)維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證。请协助補充可靠来源以改善这篇条目。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。 清州廣播諺文청주방송 汉字清州放送 清州廣播（英语：Cheongju Broadcasting，簡稱CJB）是韩国忠清北道清州市的一家地区性民间广播电视公司。在1997年2月27日成立，1997年10月17日开播電視頻道。属SBS聯播網�...