Women have contributed to military activities including as combatants. The following list describes women known to have participated in military actions in the 18th century.
For women in warfare in the United States at this time, please see Timeline of women in war in the United States, pre-1945.
Timeline of women in warfare from 18th century warfare worldwide (except the present US)
1700–1721: An unnamed woman serves in the Swedish army in the Great Northern War; after the war, she is seen wearing men's clothing on the streets of Stockholm until the 1740s, where she was known as "The Rider".[1]
1700s: Maria Ursula d'Abreu e Lencastro joined the Portuguese navy dressed as a man under the name Balthazar do Conto Cardoso, sailed for Portugal, joined the army, and took part in battles in India.[11]
1700: During the Battle of Narva, Swedish forces manage to capture some of the Russian soldiers besieging Narva, and discover them to be women dressed as males.[15]
1710s: During the Great Northern War, Maria Faxell, the wife of a vicar, defends her village against a Norwegian attack by handing out old weapons to both men and women during her husband's absence.[25]
1711–1721: Ingela Gathenhielm operates the Swedish Privateering fleet jointly with her husband during the Great Northern War; when widowed in 1718, she continues herself.[26]
1712–1714: Anna Jöransdotter from Finland serves in the Swedish army under the named Johan Haritu.[27]
1712–1717: Three unnamed females are discovered to have served in the Dutch Marines dressed as males.[20]
1713–1714: Annika Svahn, as well as several other enslaved Finnish women taken captive by the Russians, are forced to participate in the Russian conquest of Swedish Finland on the battle fields during the Greater Wrath dressed in Russian dragoon uniforms.[29]
1715: Two unnamed women are rumored to have served among the soldiers in the Swedish army, one of them a wife of one of the soldiers, who by this point was to have served for a period of four years.[27]
1716: Norwegian Kari Hiran averts the Swedish attempt to conquer Norway by feeding them false information about the size of the Norwegian army.[32]
1718: Hangbe in the Kingdom of Dahomey becomes the regent after her twin brother Akaba is killed. She may have led military campaigns.[33]
1719: Brita Olsdotter, an old Swedish woman, meets the Russian army, who marches against Linköping after having burnt Norrköping, and makes them turn around and leave after telling them that reinforcements were arriving to assist Linköping.[34]
1721: Comtesse de Polignac, previously the lover of Duc de Richelieu, fights a duel with her rival and successor, the Marchioness de Nesle.[36]
1722: Six unnamed females are shipped back to the Netherlands after having been exposed to have served as males in either the Dutch Marines or army in an attempt to emigrate to the Dutch East Indies.[20]
1723: Lumke Thoole serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a male under the name Jan Theunisz.[20]
1746: Johanna Bennius serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a male under the name Jan Drop.[20]
1746: Elisabeth Huyser serve in the Dutch army dressed as a male.[20]
1746–1769: Maria van Antwerpen serves as a soldier in the Netherlands under the name Jan van Art.[46]
1748: Gertruid van Duiren enlists and briefly serve in the Dutch army before being discovered[47]
1747–1750: Hannah Snell, serve disguised as a man in the Royal Marine: her military service is officially recognized in 1750, and she is granted a pension.[48]
1750s
1750: Maria Sophia Stording serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man.[20]
1751: Two unnamed soldiers of the Dutch navy are discovered to be females dressed as males.[20]
1754: An unnamed female serve in the Dutch army dressed as a man.[20]
1755: An unnamed female serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man.[20]
1756: Soldier Jochem Wiesse of the Dutch army are discovered to be a female dressed as a male.[20]
1757: Sailor "Arthur Douglas" is revealed to be a woman. Her birth-name is unknown.[49]
1757: An unnamed female serve in the Dutch army dressed as a man.[20]
1757–58: Two unnamed females serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a males.[20]
1759–1771: Mary Lacy serves as a Marine carpenter under the name of "William Chandler".[50]
1760s
1760s: Petronella van den Kerkhof possibly serve in the Dutch army as a grenadier: however, as she was not discovered during service, this is unconfirmed.[51]
1760–1761: A woman serves in the British Marines as "William Prothero".[49]
1763: After the assassination of her husband Diego, FilipinaGabriela Silang decided to continue his rebellion in Ilocos against Spain but was unsuccessful.[53]
1764: The Dutch soldier Tiesheld is discovered to be a female dressed as a male.[20]
1765: An unnamed member of the Dutch navy is discovered to be a female dressed as a male.[20]
1769: Anna Sophia Spiesen serve in the Dutch army dressed as a male under the name Claas Paulusse.[20]
1770s
1770–1771: Margareta Reymers serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man: she is discovered by her pregnancy.[55]
1772: Mademoiselle de Guignes and Mademoiselle d'Aguillon fight a duel in Paris.[56]
1775: On Dec. 11, Jemima Warner was killed by an enemy bullet during the siege of Quebec. Mrs. Warner had originally accompanied her husband, PVT James Warner of Thompson's Pennsylvania Rifle Battalion, to Canada because she feared that he would become sick on the campaign trail and she wanted to nurse him. When PVT Warner eventually died in the wilderness en route to Quebec, Mrs. Warner buried him and stayed with the battalion as a cook.[57]
1780s: Swedish runaway Carin du Rietz becomes a soldier at the royal guard.[64]
1780–1781: Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua recruits and leads men and women in battle during a rebellion against the Spanish rule in Peru. She is eventually captured and executed by the Spanish.[65]
1780–1781: Maria van Spanje serve in the Dutch navy for eight months dressed as a male: she is discovered while trying to repeat this when enlisting anew in 1782.[66]
1781: Lena Catharina Wasmoet serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man under the name Claas Waal.[20]
1787–1807: A woman serves twenty years in the Royal Marines under the name "Tom Bowling"[49]
1787: The wife of the German colonel Schutz is reported to have accompanied her spouse dressed as a male in warfare and having been wounded two times in Russian service.[74]
1788–1790: After the war between Russia and Sweden, several of the soldiers decorated in the Swedish army are discovered to be women in disguise. One of them is Brita Hagberg, who enlisted in search of her husband; she is given a military pension.[75]
1788–1790: During the Russo-Swedish war, Anna Maria Engsten, after a battle at sea, singlehandedly steers one of the boats back to Sweden after having been left alone onboard after its evacuation; she is decorated for bravery at sea.[76]
1788–1790: During the Battle of Svensksund, Dorothea Maria Lösch takes command of a Swedish ship and is rewarded with the rank of captain of the Swedish fleet.[77]
1790s
1791–1813: Bulgarian heroine Sirma Voyevoda fight in the Bulgarian guerilla army against Ottoman oppression.[78]
1797: Jemima Nicholas single-handedly captured 12 French soldiers armed with only a pitchfork during the Battle of Fishguard (commonly known as the last invasion of Britain).[93]
1797–1801: Franziska Scanagatta serve in the Austrian army: she is promoted a lieutenant in 1800.[94]
1798–1815: Veronika Gut organize the resistance rebel movement against the French occupation of the Helvetic Republic in the Swiss canton of Nidwalden.[98]
1799: The German Antoinette Berg serve on the side of the English against the French in the Netherlands dressed as a male; during the peace festivities in London after the final defeat of Napoleon in 1814, she was presented to the Tsar of Russia and the King of Prussia.[20]
^Ananda, Cohen Suarez (2016). Heaven, hell, and everything in between: murals of the colonial Andes. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 158. ISBN978-1-4773-0954-4. OCLC916685000.
^Susan, Kellogg (2005). Weaving the past: a history of Latin America's indigenous women from the prehispanic period to the present. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 85. ISBN978-0-19-804042-2. OCLC62268136.
^Silverblatt, Irene (1987). Moon, sun, and witches: gender ideologies and class in Inca and colonial Peru. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 123. ISBN0-691-07726-6. OCLC14165734.
^Marquez, Humberto. "Latin America: Women in history: more than just heroines." Interpress Service 9 Sept. 2009. Business Insights: Global. Web. 21 Oct. 2018.
^Andrusz, C. (2013). Micaela bastidas A silenced leader (Order No. 1539792). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1415446200).
^Eaton, Richard M. (2005). A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–203. ISBN0-521-25484-1.
^MACEDO, Joaquim Manuel de. Anno biographico brazileiro (v. 1). Rio de Janeiro, Typographia e Litographia do Imperial Instituto Artístico, 1876.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabRudolf Dekker en Lotte van de Pol, Vrouwen in mannenkleren. De geschiedenis van een tegendraadse traditie. Europa 1500–1800 (Amsterdam 1989)
^Harrison, Dick (2007). "Kvinnorna som blev pirater: två kvinnliga sjörövare står fram i vår historia : kaparredaren Ingela Gatenhielm och piratdrottningen Johanna Hård : båda visade att brott kan löna sig!". Svenska turistföreningens årsbok "2007,": sid. 24–35. 0283–2976.
^ abcBorgström Eva, ed (2002). Makalösa kvinnor: könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet (Marvelous Women: genderbenders in myth and reality) Stockholm: Alfabeta/Anamma. Libris 8707902. ISBN91-501-0191-9 (inb.) (Swedish)
^Borgström Eva, ed (2002). Makalösa kvinnor: könsöverskridare i myt och verklighet (Marvelous Women: genderbenders in myth and reality) Stockholm: Alfabeta/Anamma. Libris 8707902. ISBN91-501-0191-9 (inb.)
^Suomen kansallisbiografia (National Biography of Finland)
^Helmut Engisch: Eine Jungfrau im Türkenkrieg: Wie die Anna Maria Christmann als württembergischer Grenadier das Abendland retten half und dann in Stuttgart Briefträgerin wurde. In: Helmut Engisch: Ein Mönch fliegt übers Schwabenland. Theiss, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN3-8062-1270-8
^Reisinger, Klaus (2001). "Frauen und Militär in der Neuzeit. Francesca Scanagatta: Die militärische Karriere einer Frau im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert". In Österreichische Gesellschaft zur Erforchung des 18. Jahrhunderts (ed.). Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert und Österreich (in German). Vol. 16. Facultas, WUV. pp. 60–61. ISBN978-3-85114-659-2.
^The Circulator of useful knowledge, amusement, literature, science and general information. London, 1825 p. 147
^Carlos Viscasillas (2009). "La Fortaleza de la Inmaculada Concepción de María" (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Retrieved 2011-04-24.
^Commire, Anne, and Deborah Klezmer. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Waterford, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications, 2002. Print.
^del Valle de Siles, María Eugenia (1981). Bartolina Sisa y Gregoria Apaza: dos heroínas indígenas. Biblioteca Popular Boliviana de "Última Hora". p. 73.
^How to Survive in the Georgian Navy: A Sailor's Guide By Bruno Pappalardo
^Hylton, Forrest (2007). Revolutionary horizons: Popular struggle in Bolivia. London: Verso. ISBN978-1-84467-070-3.
^Македонска енциклопедија, том 2, МАНУ, Скопие, 2009, стр. 1364.
^Marc de Villiers, Les 5 et 6 octobre 1789. Reine Audu les légendes des journées d'octobre, 1917.
^Dever, John P.; Dever, Maria C. (1995). "Moscho Tzavella". Women and the Military: Over 100 Notable Contributors, Historic to Contemporary. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co. p. 142. ISBN978-0-89950-976-1.
^Les militaires qui ont changés la France, sous la direction de Fabrice Fanet et Jean-Christophe Romer ; avec la collaboration de Thierry Widemann. Paris, le Cherche-Midi, DL 2008 (p. 472) (notice BnF no FRBNF41279187r)
^Jean-Loup Avril 1000 Bretons: dictionnaire biographique, 2002 p. 133 "Marie-Angélique Duchemin quitte l'armée, puis est admise à l'Hôtel des Invalides où elle passera 61 ans. ... Ce ne sera que par décret du 15 août 1851 à l'occasion de la fête impériale que Marie-Angélique Duchemin, veuve Brulon, figurera ..."
^Jomini, Antoine-Henri. (1842). Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Révolution
^Jean-Baptiste Mirambeau, Victoria, dans Le Document, no. 2, Février 1940, p. 107.
^Marilyn Yalom, Blood Sisters: The French Revolution in Women's Memory, Basic Books, 1993, p. 201.
^L'histoire tragique de Céleste Bulkeley est racontée dans « Un Vendéen sous la Terreur », d'après le manuscrit de son frère Toussaint Ambroise Talour de la Cartrie ; ce manuscrit, aujourd'hui perdu, a d'abord été édité en anglais puis re-traduit en français par Pierre Amédée Pichot (édition de 1910 et fac-similé de 1988).
^Gabriel Dumay, Thérèse Figueur, dite Madame Sans-Gêne, dragon aux 15e et 93 régiments (1793–1815) (1904), with subsequent additions in "Extrait des procès-verbaux du séances", Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon, 4th Series, vol. 11 (1910), pp. xxxii–xxxiv, lviii–lx; Léon Hennet, "Femmes Soldats dans les armees de la révolution", La Nouvelle Revue Français 40 (1919), pp. 341–353 at pp. 347–48; Philippe Lefrancois, "La vraie Madame Sans-Gêne, dragon et blanchisseuse", Miroir de l'histoire 98 (1958), pp. 233–236.
^Nikolaus Reisinger: Frauen und Militär in der Neuzeit: Francesca Scanagatta – Die militärische Karriere einer Frau im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert. In: Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert und Österreich. (= Jahrbuch der Österr. Gesellschaft zur Erforschung des 18. Jahrhunderts. 16/2001). Wien 2001, S. 59–73.
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