Winchester city walls

Winchester city walls
LocationWinchester, Hampshire, England
Coordinates51°03′48″N 1°18′29″W / 51.0632°N 1.308°W / 51.0632; -1.308
Area138 acres
OwnerWinchester City Council
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameWinchester city walls and associated monuments
Reference no.1001868

Winchester city walls are a series of defensive walls in central Winchester, originally built during the Roman settlement of southern Britain, in what was then the settlement of Venta Belgarum. The area surrounding Winchester had been populated throughout the Iron Age, with Britonnic settlements existing at Oram's Arbour, St Catherine's Hill, and Worthy Down; Venta Belgarum took its name from the Belgae tribes of the area. Earthwork defences were constructed around the end of the second century, being rebuilt in stone during the latter part of the third century..[1][2]

Under Saxon rule, Alfred the Great rebuilt Winchester and its defences as part of the burh system developed to protect against Norse incursions. Winchester was later chosen as the location of one of the first Norman castles in England, with Winchester Castle being built alongside the walls in 1067.[3] As well as the royal castle in the West of the city, Wolvesey Castle, the palace of the Bishop of Winchester, was built in the East of the City alongside the River Itchen; during the Civil War known as The Anarchy, the forces of Queen Matilda, on behalf of King Stephen, besieged the forces of Empress Matilda, destroying much of the old city including the urban defences, in an event known as the Rout of Winchester.[4]

Whilst Winchester's city walls went through periods of decline, by the 14th century, the city had 6 gates, the West Gate, South Gate, King's Gate, East Gate, North Gate and Durn Gate. In the English Civil War, the city was seized on behalf of the King by royalist Sir William Ogle, before being captured by Parliamentary forces led by Sir William Waller; the city was subsequently recovered by the Royalist forces before being recaptured by Parliament after the Battle of Cheriton, after which much of the castle was demolished, apart from the Great Hall.[1]

During the 18th century, much of the walls and gates were demolished[5][6] due to the relatively low height of the gates and their hazards to pedestrians, with the Eastgate demolished in 1768, and the Southgate demolished from 1771.[7] The Northgate also collapsed in 1756.[6] Today only the Kingsgate and Westgate survive, with other portions of the wall existing around the gates and Winchester Castle, as well as alongside the Itchen by the remains of Wolvesey Castle, with other sections having been demolished or repurposed. Sections of the wall remain as listed and protected areas.[8][9]

References

  1. ^ a b "Winchester Castle and Town Walls | South East | Castles, Forts and Battles". www.castlesfortsbattles.co.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  2. ^ "The History of Winchester - Capital of Wessex". Historic UK. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  3. ^ McIlwain, John (1994). Winchester Castle & the Great Hall. Norwich: Jarrold. ISBN 0-85372703-1.
  4. ^ Charles W.C. Oman, Castles: An illustrated guide to 80 castles of England and Wales, Beekman House, 1978 Printing, ISBN 0-517-26196-0
  5. ^ Cunliffe, Barry (1962), "The Winchester City Wall" (PDF), Hampshire Field Club Proceedings, 22, Hampshire Field Club: 51–81
  6. ^ a b Hallen, David W (1 February 2016). "Buried in time – Roman walls and Medieval gates". Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  7. ^ Biddle, Martin; Keene, Derek (2017). The British Historic Towns Atlas: Winchester. The Historic Towns Trust and The Winchester Excavations Committee. ISBN 978-1-78570-666-0.
  8. ^ "Winchester city wall and associated monuments, Winchester - 1001868 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  9. ^ "CLOSE BOUNDARY WALLS AND GATES PRIORS GATE, Winchester - 1095512 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 19 October 2020.