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HG Willis
HG Willis
	Willis Ware in 1962
Born	August 31, 1920; Atlantic City, New Jersey
Died	November 22, 2013 (aged 93); Santa Monica, California
Alma mater	B.S. in electrical engineering, University of Pennsylvania; M.S. in electrical engineering, MIT; Ph.D., Princeton University;
Known for	Privacy Act of 1974

Howard George Willis Ware (August 31, 1920 – November 22, 2013), popularly known as Willis Howard Ware was an American computer pioneer who co-developed the IAS machine that laid down the blueprint of the modern day computer in the late 20th century. He was also a pioneer of privacy rights, social critic of technology policy, and a founder in the field of computer security.^[2]^[3]

Biography

As an undergraduate, Ware read electrical engineering at the Moore School of the University of Pennsylvania.^[1] He completed his master's degree in the same subject at MIT, in 1942.^[1]

During World War II, Ware worked for the Hazeltine Corporation (1942–1946) on classified military projects.^[1]^{[additional citation(s) needed]} After the war (1946–1951), he joined the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton to work with John von Neumann on building an early computer.^[4]^[1] After completing his PhD there, he moved to North American Aviation (1951–1952),^[1] helped to move the aviation industry from punch-card machines to early computers, and in 1952 began teaching a class in computing at the UCLA Extension Division;^[1]^[5] it continued for 12 years.^{[citation needed]} In 1952 he joined the RAND Corporation,^[1] where he stayed until 1992.^{[citation needed]} He was an early design engineer on the RAND JOHNNIAC computer.^[6]

In 1961, he was the founding president of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies, an early technical computing society.^[7] Ware predicted that increased reliance on computers would create new privacy issues,^[3] and in 1972 he chaired the Department of Health, Education and Welfare's Special Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems, which developed policy recommendations including the Code of Fair Information Practice that significantly influenced the Privacy Act of 1974.^[6] He continued to study and write about privacy for many years.^[8]

Ware influenced many aspects of computing including the initiation and direction of one of the first computing courses, at UCLA and authored some of the first textbooks in the field of computer security. In addition, he chaired several influential studies, including one in 1967 that produced a groundbreaking and transformational report to the Defense Science Board for ARPA (now DARPA) that was known thereafter as "the Ware report". The European Union's Data Protection Directive was strongly influenced by his research.^[9]

Ware died at his home in Santa Monica, California in 2013.^[10]^[11]

Professional activities

Ware was an active and influential member of many industry organizations including:

Chair of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) Group on Computers (1958 - 1959)
Founding President of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (1961)
Chair of the Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data Systems for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (now HHS) (1972)
Vice Chair of the IFIP TC 11 (1985-1994)
Founding Chair of the Information System and Privacy Advisory Board (1987 - 1998)
US Air Force Scientific Advisory Board
NSA Scientific Advisory Board
Member of the Electronic Privacy Information Center(EPIC) Advisory Board
Member of the National Academy of Engineering

Awards and honors

Fellowships

National Fellow of Tau Beta Pi (1941-1942)^[1]
Fellow of the AAAS^[12]
Fellow of the IEEE^[12]
Fellow of the IRE (1962)^[1]
Fellow of the ACM (1994)^[1]

Awards

Achievement Award, Los Angeles Chapter, IRE (1957)^[1]
Distinguished Service Award, AMPS (1963)^[1]
Computer Sciences Man of the Year, Data Processing Management Association (1975)^[1]
USAF Exceptional Civilian Service Medal (1979)^[1]
IEEE Centennial Medal (1984)^[1]
Distinguished Service Award, AMPS (1986)^[1]
National Computer System Security Award (1989)^[1]
IEEE Computer Pioneer Award (1993)^[1]
NIST/NSA National Computer System Security Award (1989)^[1]
IFIP Kristian Beckman Award (1999)^[1]
Lifetime Achievement Award from the Electronic Privacy Information Center (2012)^[1]
Inductee into the Cyber Security Hall of Fame (2013)^[1]

Publications

Ware authored over 70 publications over the course of his professional career.^[13]

RAND and the Information Evolution: A History in Essays and Vignettes - 2008
Security in Computing - 2002 (foreword).^[9]
The Cyber-Posture of the National Information Infrastructure - 1998
New Vistas on Info-Systems Security - 1997
Privacy and Security Policy Choices in a National Information Infrastructure Environment - 1996
A Retrospective on the Criteria Movement - 1995
Policy Considerations for Data Networks - 1994
Privacy Dimensions of Medical Record Keeping - 1994
Statement on Escrowed Key Proposals Presented to the Subcommittee on Technology, Environment, and Aviation, U.S. House of Representatives - 1994
Cyberspace security and safety - 1993
The new faces of privacy - 1993
Perspectives on trusted computer systems - 1988
Survivability Issues and USAFE Policy - 1988
Computer security policy issues: from past toward the future - 1987
A Perspective on the USAFE Collocated Operating Base System - 1986
Emerging privacy issues - 1985
Technological perspectives for air base communications - 1985
Base communications issues for the 1980s - 1984
Information and communications protection - 1984
Information systems : the challenge of the future for the Air Force Communications Command - 1984
Information Systems, Security, and Privacy - 1983
Perspectives on Oversight Management of Software Development Projects - 1983
Avionics software: where are we? - 1982
Information Policy: Thoughts for the 80's - 1982
Information technology, crime and the law - 1982
Security, privacy, and national vulnerability - 1981
A taxonomy for privacy - 1981
Security and privacy in the 80s - 1980
Computer security in civil government and industry - 1979
Security Controls for Computer Systems: Report of Defense Science Board Task Force on Computer Security - 1979
Computers and personal privacy - 1977
Computer technology: for beffter or worse? - 1977
Federal and state regulations concerning the privacy of health care data - 1977
Privacy and patient rights - 1977
Privacy—handling personal data - 1977
Privacy Issues in the Private Sector - 1977
Public policy aspects for an information age - 1977
Testimony before the House Subcommittee on Communications hearings: impact of telecommunications technology on the right to privacy - 1977
The Computer Resources Management Study - 1976
Privacy and Security Issues in Information Systems - 1976
Privacy aspects of health statistics - 1976
Privacy Issues and the Private Sector. - 1976
Project RAND and Air Force Decisionmaking - 1976
State of the Privacy Act: An Overview of Technological and Social Science Developments. - 1976
Testimony before the National Commission of Electronic Fund Transfers. - 1976
The Computer Resource Management Study: Executive Summary - 1975
Legislative Issues Surrounding the Confidentiality of Health Records. - 1975
Privacy and Security in Computer Systems - 1975
Privacy: The Private Sector and Society's Needs. - 1975
Computer Privacy and Computer Security. - 1974
A Proposed Strategy for the Acquisition of Avionics Equipment - 1974
Remarks—Seminar for Directors of Academic Computing Services. - 1974
Computers and Society: The Technological Setting. - 1973
Computers, Personal Privacy and Human Choice. - 1973
Data Banks, Privacy, and Society - 1973
Records, Computers and the Rights of Citizens - 1973
Testimony to the Assembly Committee on Efficiency and Cost Control. - 1973
The Ultimate Computer. - 1972
Computers in Society's Future. - 1971
Limits in Computing Power. - 1971
Computer Data Banks and Security Controls. - 1970
On Limits in Computing Power. - 1969
Testimony Before the Assembly Statewide Information Policy Committee. - 1969
The Computer in Your Future - 1967
Security and Privacy in Computer Systems. - 1967
Future Computer Technology and Its Impact - 1966
Johnniac Eulogy - 1966
Soviet Cybernetics Technology: V. Soviet Process Control Computers. - 1965
The Programmer in a Changing World. - 1963
Soviet Cybernetics Technology: II. General Characteristics of Several Soviet Computers - 1963
Soviet Cybernetics Technology: III, Programming Elements of the BESM, STRELA, Ural, M-3, and Kiev Computers. - 1963
Soviet Cybernetics Technology: I. Soviet Cybernetics, 1959-1962. - 1963
The Evolution of Concepts and Languages of Computing. - 1962
Soviet Computer Technology - 1959 - 1960
The History and Development of the Electronic Computer Project at the Institute for Advanced Study - 1953
The Logical Principles of a New Kind of Binary Counter - 1953

External links

Oral history interview with Willis H. Ware (1981). Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Primarily devoted to Ware's work on the Institute for Advanced Study computer project in the late 1940s. Ware details the contributions of Jule Gregory Charney, John von Neumann, Herman Goldstine, and others. Ware also relates his move to the RAND Corporation.
Oral history interview with Willis H. Ware (2003). Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Discusses the history of computer science at RAND Corporation and other topics. This includes the transition of RAND to digital computing with the [Johnniac] project. Ware also talks about his work and leadership in organizations such as Association for Computing Machinery and AFIPS, as well as on the issues of computer security and privacy with the Ware Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Computer Security, HEW's Advisory Committee on Automated Personal Data, and the Privacy Protection Study Commission.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z "Computer Pioneers - Willis Howard Ware".
^ Spafford, Gene. The Passing of A Pioneer Nov. 26, 2013
^ ^a ^b Rand Corporation. Willis Ware, Computer Pioneer, Helped Build Early Machines and Warned About Security Privacy at rand.org. Nov 27, 2013.
^ J Markoff, Willis Ware, 93, engineer at dawn of computer age. NYT, December 3, 2013: page B17.
^ Walden, David (July–September 2011). "Interviews: Willis H. Ware". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 67–73. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2011.60.
^ ^a ^b "Willis H. Ware (Interview)". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 67–73. July–September 2011. doi:10.1109/mahc.2011.60. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
^ Ware, Willis (11 August 2003). "Oral History Interview with Willis Ware" (Interview). Interviewed by Jeffrey R. Yost. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
^ "Bibliography of Willis H. Ware's RAND publications". Retrieved September 28, 2013.
^ ^a ^b Pfleeger, Charles P.; Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence; Margulies, Jonathan (2015). Security in Computing (PDF). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-408504-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2020-12-19. Willis Ware kindly wrote the foreword that we published in both the third and fourth editions of Security in Computing. In his foreword he covers some of the early days of computer security, describing concerns that are as valid today as they were in those earlier days. ... Few people recognize Willis's name today; more people are familiar with the European Union Data Protection Directive that is a direct descendant of the [1973 report] from his committee for the U.S. Department of Human Services. Willis would have wanted it that way: the emphasis on the ideas and not on his name.
^ "Willis Ware dies at 93; pioneer predicted the rise of the computer - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 30 November 2013.
^ Rich, Michael D. (28 March 2014). "Eulogy for Willis Ware". Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ ^a ^b "The Computer Museum History Center presents "Building Computers in 1953: JOHNNIAC"" (PDF).
^ "Willis H. Ware - Publications".

[ieee-pioneers-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z "Computer Pioneers - Willis Howard Ware".

[2] Spafford, Gene. The Passing of A Pioneer Nov. 26, 2013

[rand_blog_2013-3] Rand Corporation. Willis Ware, Computer Pioneer, Helped Build Early Machines and Warned About Security Privacy at rand.org. Nov 27, 2013.

[nyt_obit-4] J Markoff, Willis Ware, 93, engineer at dawn of computer age. NYT, December 3, 2013: page B17.

[5] Walden, David (July–September 2011). "Interviews: Willis H. Ware". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 67–73. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2011.60.

[randint-6] "Willis H. Ware (Interview)". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 67–73. July–September 2011. doi:10.1109/mahc.2011.60. Retrieved September 28, 2013.

[7] Ware, Willis (11 August 2003). "Oral History Interview with Willis Ware" (Interview). Interviewed by Jeffrey R. Yost. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Retrieved September 28, 2013.

[8] "Bibliography of Willis H. Ware's RAND publications". Retrieved September 28, 2013.

[security-in-computing-9] Pfleeger, Charles P.; Pfleeger, Shari Lawrence; Margulies, Jonathan (2015). Security in Computing (PDF). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-408504-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-14. Retrieved 2020-12-19. Willis Ware kindly wrote the foreword that we published in both the third and fourth editions of Security in Computing. In his foreword he covers some of the early days of computer security, describing concerns that are as valid today as they were in those earlier days. ... Few people recognize Willis's name today; more people are familiar with the European Union Data Protection Directive that is a direct descendant of the [1973 report] from his committee for the U.S. Department of Human Services. Willis would have wanted it that way: the emphasis on the ideas and not on his name.

[10] "Willis Ware dies at 93; pioneer predicted the rise of the computer - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 30 November 2013.

[11] Rich, Michael D. (28 March 2014). "Eulogy for Willis Ware". Archived from the original on August 20, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2018.

[:0-12] "The Computer Museum History Center presents "Building Computers in 1953: JOHNNIAC"" (PDF).

[13] "Willis H. Ware - Publications".

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Willis Ware