William Stewart (fl. c. 1580-1610) was a Scottish sea captain from Dundee. Stewart was skipper of one of the ships that took James VI to Norway in 1589, when the king sailed to meet Anne of Denmark. James VI gave him a present of 20 dalers from his dowry.[1] He was involved in a complex international shipping incident off the coast of Spain in 1593, as skipper of a ship belonging to George Bruce of Carnock.
A wealthy merchant and manager of mines George Bruce of Carnock, builder of Culross Palace, imported Spanish wine to Scotland. He employed William Stewart as skipper of one his ships, the Bruce. In August 1593 the Bruce went to Ferrol for a cargo of wine, figs, and raisins.[2] William Stewart encountered some English merchant ships, the Julian of London and a ship of Southampton, with two pinnaces they had captured.[3]
The Julian was a privateer, captained by John Clarke, and cruised the Spanish coast to capture prize cargoes of sugar and Brazilwood dye, at a time when England was at war with Spain.[4] The Julian shot at the Bruce to bring it to. The English ships were overloaded with men captured from Spanish ships. Clerk and Captain Petefer forced Stewart to take 52 men onto the Bruce. These were Portuguese sailors and possibly enslaved African men. The Bruce then sailed towards Portugal, intending to put these new passengers ashore.[5]
A week later an English Man-of-war, the Fortunatus took the Bruce as a prize of war. The master of the English ship, Captain Thomas Busbrig, thought the Bruce was a Spanish ship because of the number of captives on board. As George Bruce himself wrote in 1598, Busbrig took the Bruce to be Spanish, "by reason of so manye" African and Portuguese men.[6] It was not unusual for ships to pretend to be Scottish, to take advantage of their neutrality in the war.[7]
The Bruce was taken to Portsmouth. Captain Stewart complained to the Vice-Admiral of Portsmouth. Busbrig became angry and struck Stewart with his sword, wounding his elbow. Back in Scotland, on 11 October 1593 Stewart sought redress by requesting that James VI confiscate an English ship loading salt at Prestonpans, captained by James Keeler, which was the same size as the Bruce. Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox, as Great Admiral of Scotland,[8] gave Daniel Leyne a warrant to seize Keeler's ship.[9]
Although the Bruce was restored to George Bruce, his original cargo of Spanish wine was lost, drunk by the Portuguese captives or spoilt. When the ship returned to Leith the Provost of Edinburgh, Alexander Home of North Berwick, and the English diplomat Robert Bowes took witness statements from the crew.[10]
Bruce claimed in the London Admiralty Court for the value of the wine from John Clerk, captain of the Julian.[11] Bruce's brother, Edward Bruce, then ambassador in London urged the lawyer Julius Caesar to help. Caesar thought on 21 April 1598 the details of the case were unclear and not yet fit for hearing because the other English captain involved, John Newton of the Spanish Company, a trader with the Barbary Coast and owner of the Julian,[12] had not been questioned.[13]
Another partner, John Byrd, a brother of the composer William Byrd owned a half share in the Julian.[14] Byrd and Newton had made voyages to Benin in 1588 and 1590.[15]
The fate of the Portuguese and Africans aboard the Bruce was not recorded.[16] Arrangements were made to deport "Turks and Moors" from England by Admiralty officials acting under royal authority.[17] In 1601, Elizabeth I made a proclamation that Caspar van Zeuden, a merchant of Lübeck, would transport to Spain and Portugal the African people who had been brought to England during the wars with Spain.[18]
Other Scottish contemporaries called William Stewart
The skipper William Stewart can be confused with several contemporaries:
William Stewart, a servant of Regent Morton mentioned in Morton's "Confession".[20]
References
^Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts, 1588-1596', Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI (Woodbridge, 2020) p. 50.
^Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 345-7, TNA SP 52/63/68.
^Annie Cameron, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1593-1595, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp 196, TNA SP 52/51 f.41, Petition of William Stewart, see also British Library Cotton Calig., D II f.154.
^John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 309, 345.
^Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 346, TNA SP 52/63/68.
^Pauline Croft, 'Trading with the Enemy, 1585-1604', Historical Journal, 32:2 (June 1989), p. 288.
^David M. Bergeron, The Duke of Lennox, 1574-1624: A Jacobean Courtier's Life (Edinburgh, 2022), p. 22.
^Annie Cameron, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1593-1595, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 196-8, 203.
^John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, vol. 13 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 309.
^Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 186-7.
^Mary Doreen Wainwright & James Douglas Pearson, Guide to Manuscripts and Documents in the British Isles Relating to the Middle East and North Africa (Oxford, 1980), p. 396.
^John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 194-5.
^John Harley, 'Merchants and Privateers: A Window on the World of William Byrd', The Musical Times, 147:1896 (Autumn 2006), p. 58, as the Gilliam.
^Imtiaz Habib, Black Lives in the English Archives, 1500–1677: Imprints of the Invisible (Ashgate, 2008): Edmund Gouldsmid, Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation, collected by Richard Hakluyt: Africa, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1889), pp. 312-326.
^John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 297, 309, 343, 345-7: See further papers in British Library Add MS 12503.
