The whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) is a species of carpet shark with an adult size that approaches one metre in length.[2] This small, mostly nocturnal species is harmless to humans. The whitespotted bamboo shark is occasionally kept as a pet in larger home aquaria. It can grow up to 93 centimetres (37 in) long.[3]
Description
Dorsal fins with convex posterior margins. Color pattern of purple and pink spots, with dark bands and a white body. The coloration is unique in this family making it very simple for identification.[4] The coloration, as noted by marine biologist Ruthie Delaney, is unique in this family, making it very simple for identification.. The teeth of bamboo sharks are not strongly differentiated. Each tooth has a medial cusp and weak labial root lobes with 26–35 teeth on the upper jaw and 21–32 teeth on the lower jaw.[5] Bamboo Sharks commonly rest on the bottom of their habitat with their head and trunk propped up by resting on their bent and depressed pectoral fins.[6] Whitespotted bamboo sharks have a very distinct dorsal fin that can alter or effect where they choose to live, as well as their mobility methods.[7]
Distribution
These sharks are found on coral reefs of the Pacific Ocean. They are common in the coastal areas of Indonesia and surrounding waters, but the species' range extends from Japan to India.[8] These sharks are also used for human consumption in Madagascar[4] and Taiwan.[9]
Feeding
These sharks feed at night, preying on small fish and invertebrates. They have small teeth that can be used for grasping or crushing prey. Soft prey is grasped when the tips of the teeth sink into the flesh, but the teeth pivot backwards when biting hard prey. This protects the tooth tip and allows the flattened front surface of the teeth to form a continuous plate for crushing crabs.[10][11] Juvenile sharks need a higher intake of carbon than adults sharks, especially during the wet seasons. White spotted bamboo sharks have an advantage in finding carbon sources because they are benthic predators (meaning they prey on fish near the sea-bottom), as opposed to pelagic sharks like the spadenose shark. That, combined with the fact that these species of sharks have, like most sharks, electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) along their snout to help them locate prey that is buried in the sand and mud, makes them very efficient users of detrital carbon resources.[12]
Reproduction
Whitespotted bamboo sharks are oviparous (egg laying). The eggs are approximately five inches long[13] and hatch after 14 or 15 weeks.[13][14] The young hatch out at approximately 6 inches in length.[15] Doug Sweet, curator of fishes at the Belle Isle Aquarium in Detroit reported that in July 2002 a clutch of eggs from a female whitespotted bamboo shark hatched without any apparent fertilization.[14] This appears to be the first reported example of parthenogenesis in this species.
Virgin egg-laying
A female Chiloscyllium plagiosum that had no contact with a male for 6 years, laid eggs which hatched 3 young at the Belle Isle Aquarium in Detroit, Michigan. There are many theories for this incident but none are confirmed. The species have been found and collected at Ternate Island and Halmahera Island, Indonesia and generally the palearctic region in Asia. Among these theories, the three most likely would be that the female contains both the male and the female reproductive organs; the female has the ability to store sperm for that long; and lastly that the female has somehow stimulated the eggs without sperm, process called parthenogenesis.[16] The offspring kept away from males produced asexually viable offspring.[17]
Albino mutations
Albinism is a very rare occurrence for sharks, and has only occurred on a few occasions. There is no exact statistic, but it is estimated that 1 in 10,000 of this species are born albino. Three albino whitespotted bamboo sharks have hatched at SeaWorld of Orlando.[18] Downtown Aquarium in Denver Colorado has had annual hatchings of albino whitespotted bamboo sharks since 2007 and they currently have some displayed on exhibit.
As pets
Because of their small size and bottom-dwelling lifestyle, these are one of the more common species of sharks to be kept in home aquariums. They feed and breed readily in captivity.[10] Because of this, they can be purchased from many sources.[19][20] Adult specimens will require tanks of at least 180 gallons, and preferably more.[21] Captive specimens may be fed chunks of squid, shrimp, clams, scallops and marine fish, as well as live ghost shrimp.[15]
^Kindersley, Dorling (2005) [2001]. Animal. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN978-0-7894-7764-4.
^ abCompagno, Leonard (2002). "Sharks of the world". 2 (1). Shark Research Center Iziko-Museums of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: 173. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Bester, Cathleen. "WHITESPOTTED BAMBOOSHARK." Florida Museum of Natural History. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 April 2010.
^Wilga, Cheryl D.; Lauder, George V. (2001). "Functional morphology of the pectoral fins in bamboo sharks, Chiloscyllium plagiosum: Benthic vs. Pelagic station-holding". Journal of Morphology. 249 (3): 195–209. doi:10.1002/jmor.1049. ISSN0362-2525. PMID11517464. S2CID3009107.
^Maia, Anabela; Wilga, Cheryl D. (2 August 2013). "Anatomy and muscle activity of the dorsal fins in bamboo sharks and spiny dogfish during turning maneuvers". Journal of Morphology. 274 (11): 1288–1298. doi:10.1002/jmor.20179. ISSN0362-2525. PMID23907951. S2CID206092008.
