Weird fiction

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Weird fiction is a subgenre of speculative fiction originating in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Weird fiction either eschews or radically reinterprets traditional antagonists of supernatural horror fiction, such as ghosts, vampires, and werewolves.[1][2][3] Writers on the subject of weird fiction, such as China Miéville, sometimes use "the tentacle" to represent this type of writing. The tentacle is a limb-type absent from most of the monsters of European gothic fiction, but often attached to the monstrous creatures created by weird fiction writers, such as William Hope Hodgson, M. R. James, Clark Ashton Smith, and H. P. Lovecraft.[1][3]

Weird fiction often attempts to inspire awe as well as fear in response to its fictional creations, causing commentators like Miéville to paraphrase Goethe in saying that weird fiction evokes a sense of the numinous.[1] Although "weird fiction" has been chiefly used as a historical description for works through the 1930s, it experienced a resurgence in the 1980s and 1990s, under the label of New Weird, which continues into the 21st century.[4]

Definitions

John Clute defines weird fiction as a term "used loosely to describe fantasy, supernatural fiction and horror tales embodying transgressive material".[5] China Miéville defines it as "usually, roughly, conceived of as a rather breathless and generically slippery macabre fiction, a dark fantastic ('horror' plus 'fantasy') often featuring nontraditional alien monsters (thus plus 'science fiction')".[1] Discussing the "Old Weird Fiction" published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock says, "Old Weird fiction utilises elements of horror, science fiction and fantasy to showcase the impotence and insignificance of human beings within a much larger universe populated by often malign powers and forces that greatly exceed the human capacities to understand or control them."[2]

Jeff and Ann VanderMeer describe weird fiction not as a genre of fiction, but rather as a mode of literature (i.e. a style or mood) usually appearing within the horror fiction genre.[6]

History

M. R. James, c. 1900
H. P. Lovecraft, pictured in 1934

Although the term "weird fiction" did not appear until the 20th century, Edgar Allan Poe is often regarded as the pioneering author of weird fiction. Poe was identified by Lovecraft as the first author of a distinct type of supernatural fiction different from traditional Gothic literature, and later commentators on the term have also suggested Poe was the first "weird fiction" writer.[1][2] Sheridan Le Fanu is also seen as an early writer working in the sub-genre.[1]

Literary critics in the nineteenth century would sometimes use the term "weird" to describe supernatural fiction. For instance, the Scottish Review in an 1859 article praised Poe, E. T. A. Hoffmann and Walter Scott by saying the three writers had the "power of weird imagination".[7] The Irish magazine The Freeman's Journal, in an 1898 review of Dracula by Bram Stoker, described the novel as "wild and weird" and not Gothic.[8] Weinstock has suggested there was a period of "Old Weird Fiction" that lasted from the late 19th to early 20th centuries.[2] S. T. Joshi and Miéville have both argued that there was a period of "Haute Weird" between 1880 and 1940, when authors important to Weird Fiction, such as Arthur Machen and Clark Ashton Smith were publishing their work.[1][2]

In the late nineteenth century, a number of British writers associated with the Decadent movement wrote what was later described as weird fiction. These writers included Machen, M. P. Shiel, Count Eric Stenbock, and R. Murray Gilchrist.[9] Other pioneering British weird fiction writers included Algernon Blackwood,[10] William Hope Hodgson, Lord Dunsany,[11] Arthur Machen,[12] and M. R. James.[13]

The American pulp magazine Weird Tales published many such stories in the United States from March 1923 to September 1954. The magazine's editor Farnsworth Wright often used the term "weird fiction" to describe the type of material that the magazine published.[14] The writers who wrote for the magazine Weird Tales are thus closely identified with the weird fiction subgenre, especially H. P. Lovecraft, Clark Ashton Smith, Fritz Leiber and Robert Bloch.[1] Other pulp magazines that published weird fiction included Strange Tales (edited by Harry Bates),[15] and Unknown Worlds (edited by John W. Campbell).[16]

H. P. Lovecraft popularised the term "weird fiction" in his essays.[1] In "Supernatural Horror in Literature", Lovecraft gives his definition of weird fiction:

The true weird tale has something more than secret murder, bloody bones, or a sheeted form clanking chains according to rule. A certain atmosphere of breathless and unexplainable dread of outer, unknown forces must be present; and there must be a hint, expressed with a seriousness and portentousness becoming its subject, of that most terrible conception of the human brain—a malign and particular suspension or defeat of those fixed laws of Nature which are our only safeguard against the assaults of chaos and the daemons of unplumbed space.

S. T. Joshi describes several subdivisions of the weird tale: supernatural horror (or fantastique), the ghost story, quasi science fiction, fantasy, and ambiguous horror fiction and argues that "the weird tale" is primarily the result of the philosophical and aesthetic predispositions of the authors associated with this type of fiction.[17][18]

Although Lovecraft was one of the few early 20th-century writers to describe his work as "weird fiction",[10] the term has enjoyed a contemporary revival in New Weird fiction. Many horror writers have also situated themselves within the weird tradition, including Clive Barker, who describes his fiction as fantastique,[19] and Ramsey Campbell,[20] whose early work was influenced by Lovecraft.[21]

Notable authors

The following notable authors have been described as writers of weird fiction. They are listed alphabetically by last name, and organised by the time period when they began to publish weird fiction.

Before 1940

1940–1980

1980–present

New Weird

Main article: New weird

Ann and Jeff VanderMeer and China Miéville have suggested that weird fiction has seen a recent resurgence, a phenomenon they term the New Weird. Tales which fit this category, as well as extensive discussion of the phenomenon, appear in the anthology The New Weird.[41]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w China Miéville, "Weird Fiction", in Bould, Mark et al., The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction. New York: Routledge, 2009, p. 510–516. ISBN 0-415-45378-X
  2. ^ a b c d e Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, "The New Weird", in Ken Gelder, New Directions in Popular Fiction: genre, reproduction, distribution. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, pp. 177–200. ISBN 9781137523457
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq VanderMeer, Ann and Jeff (6 May 2012). "The Weird: An Introduction". Weird Fiction Review. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  4. ^ Nunnally, Mya (19 October 2017). "A Beginner's Guide to the New Weird Genre". BOOK RIOT. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
  5. ^ a b c d e f John Clute, "Weird Fiction Archived 2018-09-30 at the Wayback Machine", in The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, 1997. Retrieved 29 September 2018.
  6. ^ James Machin, Weird Fiction in Britain, 1880-1939, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, p. 4, 12-14. ISBN 9783319905266
  7. ^ Machin, p. 22
  8. ^ Machin, p. 14
  9. ^ Machin, p. 78
  10. ^ a b Joshi, S. T. (1990). The Weird Tale. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-79050-3.
  11. ^ Joshi 1990, p. 42
  12. ^ Joshi 1990, p. 12
  13. ^ Joshi 1990, p. 133
  14. ^ Machin, p. 222-5
  15. ^ "Bates had an affinity for weird fiction, but Strange Tales didn't go in for Lovecraft's brooding, wordy atmospherics." Ed Hulse, The Blood 'n' Thunder Guide to Pulp Fiction. Murania Press, Morris Plains, New Jersey, 2018, pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-1726443463
  16. ^ "Without a doubt, the major event in weird fiction in 1939 was the premiere of Unknown (later retitled Unknown Worlds)".Robert E. Weinberg, Stefan R. Dziemianowicz, Martin Harry Greenberg, Rivals of Weird Tales: 30 great fantasy & horror stories from the weird fiction pulps Bonanza Books, 1990, p. xvii. ISBN 9780517693315
  17. ^ Joshi, S. T. (January 2003). "Introduction". The Weird Tale. Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9780809531226.
  18. ^ Joshi 1990, pp. 7–10
  19. ^ Winter, Douglas E. (2002). Clive Barker: The Dark Fantastic: The Authorized Biography. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-621392-4., pp. 217-18
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Joshi 1990, p. 231
  21. ^ Campbell, Ramsey. "Chasing the Unknown", introduction to Cold Print (1993), pp. 11–13. ISBN 0-8125-1660-5
  22. ^ Joshi 1990, p. 143
  23. ^ Joshi 1990, p. 87
  24. ^ ""Marjorie Bowen" was the pseudonym of Gabrielle M.V. Campbell Long, and she wrote extensively, using from six to ten pen names throughout her career, primarily in mainstream fiction. Yet her weird fiction ranks favorably with such distaff portrayers of the supernatural as Mary Wilkins-Freeman, Edith Wharton and Lady Cynthia Asquith." Sheldon Jaffery, The Arkham House Companion, San Bernardino, Calif.: Borgo Press, 1990, p. 117. ISBN 9781557420046
  25. ^ Machin 2018, pp. 163–219
  26. ^ Jerry L. Ball, "Guy Endore's The Werewolf of Paris: The Definitive Werewolf Novel?" Studies in Weird Fiction, no. 17, summer 1995, pp. 2–12
  27. ^ Machin 2018, pp. 99–101
  28. ^ Timothy Jarvis, 101 Weird Writers #45 — Stefan Grabiński Archived 2018-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, Weird Fiction Review, December 20, 2016. Retrieved September 1 2018.
  29. ^ "Twice-Told Tales...and Mosses From an Old Manse (1846; 23s) include most of Hawthorne's weird fiction. " Michael Ashley, Who's Who in Horror and Fantasy Fiction. Taplinger Publishing Company, 1978, p. 90. ISBN 9780800882754
  30. ^ a b c "13 Supreme Masters of Weird Fiction" by R.S Hadji.Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone Magazine, May–June 1983, p. 84
  31. ^ "C. F. Keary, "Twixt Dog and Wolf"... [is] a collection of two novellas, one short story, and ten "phantasies," all of which are literary weird fiction of a high order". Douglas A. Anderson, Late Reviews. Nodens Books, Marcellus, MI, 2018, p. 89. ISBN 9781987512564
  32. ^ "Vernon Lee (1856-1935) was the pseudonym of lesbian Violet Paget, who was well known for her literary output, a substantial portion of which was considered either "weird fiction" or ghost stories." Eric Garber, & Lyn Paleo Uranian worlds: a guide to alternative sexuality in science fiction, fantasy, and horror G.K. Hall, 1990, p. 125. ISBN 9780816118328
  33. ^ Gordon, Joan (2003). "Reveling in Genre: An Interview with China Miéville". Science Fiction Studies. 30 (91). Archived from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  34. ^ Gauvin, Edward (November 2011). "Kavar the Rat". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014.
  35. ^ "Tod Robbins (Clarence Aaron Robbins, 1888-1949) specialized in weird fiction throughout his lengthy writing career." Christie, Gene. The People of the Pit, and other early horrors from the Munsey Pulps. Normal, IL : Black Dog Books, 2010. ISBN 9781928619963 (p. 201).
  36. ^ "Although Eric Frank Russell wrote a relatively small number of novels, he published several major collections...More recently, Midnight House collected much of his best horror and weird fiction in Darker Tides in 2006". O'Neill, John. Vintage Treasures: Sentinels of Space by Eric Frank Russell / The Ultimate Invader edited by Donald Wollheim Black Gate, 13 April 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  37. ^ Machin 2018, pp. 101–114
  38. ^ "The sudden and unexpected death on June 11 (1936) of Robert Ervin Howard, author of fantastic tales of incomparable vividness, forms weird fiction's worst loss since the passing of Henry S. Whitehead four years ago". H. P. Lovecraft, "Robert Ervin Howard: A Memorial" (1936). Reprinted in Leon Nielsen,Robert E. Howard: A Collector’s Descriptive Bibliography of American and British Hardcover, Paperback, Magazine, Special and Amateur Editions, with a Biography. McFarland, 2010, p. 39. ISBN 9781476604244
  39. ^ Nolen, Larry. "Weirdfictionreview.com's 101 Weird Writers: #3 – Julio Cortázar". Weird Fiction Review. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  40. ^ "...the cartoonist Gahan Wilson, whose thirty-odd- year sideline as an occasional writer of weird fiction has now heaped up enough oddments to fill a book." Brian Stableford, News of the Black Feast and Other Random Reviews. Rockville, Maryland: The Borgo Press, p. 131. ISBN 9781434403360.
  41. ^ a b c VanderMeer, Ann; Jeff VanderMeer (2008). The New Weird. Tachyon. pp. xvi. ISBN 978-1-892391-55-1. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2016.

References