The Waggonbau Görlitz Corporation (Görlitz Rolling Stock Corporation) has built locomotives and rolling stock since 1849. They are best known for the double-deck rail cars that have been in production since 1935 in Görlitz, Germany. The Görlitz plants have been sold to Bombardier Transportation in 1998 making them available under the Bombardier Double-deck Coach brand (not to be confused with the North-American Bombardier BiLevel Coaches). Since 2021 belongs to Alstom.^[1]

The origins go back to the saddle-maker Johann Christoph Lüders to open his workshop on June 5, 1828, in Görlitz at the Obermarkt (Upper Market). A year later in April 1829 he moved to the Langengasse (Longmen Alley) starting to build coaches. The works grew so that he moved to Demianiplatz (Demiani Square). The same year, a public tender from Görlitz that asked for two rail cars to be built for the forest works in the Görlitzer Heide (Görlitz Heath) was won by Johann Christoph Lüders and Conrad Schiedt on October 19, 1849. Conrad Schiedt owned a metal works shop in the Büttnergasse (Cooper Alley) producing the iron parts required for the otherwise wooden rail coaches. Lüders moved the rolling stock manufactory to the Brunnenstrasse (Well Street) the same year.

The rolling stock works continued to flourish during rail transport expansion in Germany and the German Customs Union. Already in 1852, he delivered 81 rail cars and by the end of the year the factory employed 205 men from nine trades. He bought a number of buildings at Well Street and he established a factory with steam hammers in 1853 at the site – the beginning of industrial production. The number of employees grew to 500 in 1862. The rail car deliveries grew to 300 in 1856 and 426 in 1869 including military equipment. In 1869 Lüders agreed to sell the factories to the Berlin merchant J. Mamroth for 600,000 thaler.

The new owner went to reorganize the works into a stock corporation to allow for further expansion. The initial public offering on February 3, 1869, with an initial size of 800,000 was overrun with a 2,000,000-thaler signing for shares by February 10. On May 26, the Lüders factories were bought by the stock corporation that registered on June 21, 1869. Lüders was offered a position of technical director but he denied – the first director was to be Heinrich August Samann. In 1872, the company built 2,000 rail cars (mostly baggage cars and freight cars), employing 1,222 workers. Due to rising costs for raw material, the first dividend payout was not before 1875.

In 1921, the Waggonfabrik Görlitz (Görlitz Rolling Stock Factory) merged with the Görlitzer Maschinenbau AG (Görlitz Engineering Corporation) and the Cottbuser Maschinenbau-Anstalt und Eisengießerei AG (Cottbus Engineering and Iron Foundry Corporation) to the WUMAG - Waggon- und Maschinenbau Aktiengesellschaft Görlitz (Görlitz Rolling Stock and Engineering Corporation). Due to financial troubles as many as eight corporations founded the EISLIG (Eisenbahn-Liefergemeinschaft GmbH - Railway Supply Union Ltd) the same year but the WUMAG left in 1925 – the union included not only railway factories but many other products such that the cooperation did not pay out. However, during that time was the presentation of the Drehgestell Bauart Görlitz (Bogie Class Görlitz) that came to be a market success – and they are still in production.

In 1935, the first double-decker coaches were built for the Lübeck-Büchen Railway Company there were to connect Hamburg.

In Nazi Germany, the factories were reorganized for the military buildup. In war time, the number of German workers dropped from 2322 to 1478 while the number of forced workers grew to 1974 from a nearby concentration camp. After the war, the Soviet occupants ordered the disassembly of the factories for war reparations. During that time, a great fire on August 7/8, 1945 destroyed most of the remaining rolling stock factory. The remains of Factory I (Werk I) were handed over to German administration on September 10, 1945, the Factory II (Werk II) on January 25, 1946.

The German administration began to rebuild the factories. The former management had fled to the west so that the new directors would be Otto Schuhknecht and Willi Gerlach. Due to reconstruction requirements a number of orders came from the Deutsche Reichsbahn so that by December 1945 the factories had 242 workers already and by the end of 1946 there were 1500 employees at the factories. In that the time the engineering works were cut off into a new WUMAG Engineering Corporation to carry on the name while the rail car construction was put under a new name VEB Waggonbau Görlitz (Görlitz Rolling Stock State Corporation). This would be included in the LOWA group (Lokomotiv- und Waggonbau - locomotive and rail car construction) in 1948.

The company started to produce a wide range of products - and not only rail cars. The number of employees rose to 5754 by the end of 1950. The company became a major supplier of railway companies in the Eastern Bloc doubling the turnover between 1970 and 1983 to 294.5 million Mark. Although bogie production was moved to Vetschau, the company had a high demand for workers such that Polish foreign workers were employed since 1988. At the end of 1988, the numbers showed 3576 German workers along with 240 Polish workers producing 337 rail cars including 115 double-deck coaches.

With the German reunification the company was reorganized - the old VEB state corporations were subject to privatization and the Görlitz factories became owned by Waggonbau Görlitz GmbH (Görlitz Rolling Stock Ltd) as of May 1, 1990 being a subsidiary of DWA (Deutsche Waggonbau Aktiengesellschaft - German Rolling Stock Joint Stock Corporation). The DWA would later rename the Görlitz rolling stock facilities into DWA Werk Görlitz (DWA Factories Görlitz) and it would be rebuilt into a competence center for double-deck coaches and ICE-T coaches. On July 5, 1995 the 5000. double-deck coach was delivered to German national railways (Deutsche Bahn after reunification). Still being state owned the DWA were finally sold to the private equity Advent International in March 1996.

On August 29, 1996, the Deutsche Bahn contracted the delivery of 58 double-deck coaches and 192 rail coaches with an option for another 350 coaches. On the November 28, 1996, a new construction building (7000 square meters) was opened at Factory II and in 1997 the Factory I site was closed down. At the end of 1996, the numbers showed 1200 employees and 105 apprentices. Since the end of 1997 the new owner would run negotiations with Bombardier Transportation which led to the integration of DWA into Bombardier on February 2, 1998. On April 3, 1998, the first ICE-T was delivered and beginning 1998/1999 the first DBAG Class 445 trains were delivered, also known as Bombardier Double-deck Electrical Multiple Units Intercity trains.

The Deutsche Bahn continued to order delivery of double-deck coaches from its contract in 1996. Further double-deck coaches were developed for Israel and Denmark. Some more double-deck coaches were sold to Luxembourg and the Netherlands, and finally in 2008 the first double-deck cars for Poland were built (after a 20 years and the fall of the Eastern Bloc). Reorganizations had it that some factories were closed down but other buildings were rebuilt. By the end of 2008 the Görlitz rolling stock facilities had 1212 employees and 49 apprentices.

On January 5, 2009, the Deutsche Bahn contracted Bombardier on a delivery of 800 double-deck coaches of the new 2010 Generation, and by the end of 2010 another contract for 135 Intercity double-deck EMUs was achieved. The new double-deck rail cars were able to win other public tenders throughout Europe such that production capacity fully ran up to 2014.

24.05.2024, 11:37 a.m. ALSTOM Ex Bombardier Görlitz >>> No more wagon construction in Görlitz since June 2026. The East German locations are particularly affected by the relocation to Poland. Prime Minister Kretschmer was trying to find a new investor. The world's largest train manufacturer after the Chinese CRRC, is shifting its creation from Germany to Poland. The body shell of the wagons will be built in Katowice in the future. The plant in Görlitz in eastern Saxony is about to close. Production will end in mid 2026. The Alstom sites in Hennigsdorf near Berlin, in Bautzen and Salzgitter are also losing production capacity, according to employee representatives. Hennigsdorf, the largest plant with around 2,000 jobs, could shrink to a pure development and service site. "In production, the focus would be more on interior fittings," Alstom said. In addition, the group is focusing on the growth areas of service and digitalization in Germany. "The 3 plants mentioned would benefit from this, depending on their location profile." This does not apply to Görlitz. 700 people work for Alstom on the 150-year-old industrial site. At the moment, the plant was mainly producing wagons for an Israeli customer, still like in 2012. Since Alstom and previously Bombardier have hardly invested in Görlitz for years, the plant had become increasingly less competitive. "The car body shell was built according to demand and was declining in Germany," Alstom said. However, this is not the time to draw immediate consequences for the Görlitz site. "The future collective agreement runs until 2026 and protects the sites." Production of double-decker cars for Israel and Deutsche Bahn was currently underway in Görlitz. Various tram projects were also being implemented. "Preparations for the car bodies for the Leipzig trams had also started." Since these projects are finite, Saxony's Prime Minister Michael Kretschmer (CDU) and IG Metall were trying to find new investors. The huge site on the Polish border could be converted into an industrial park with various companies. In view of the state elections on September 1st and the AfD's high poll ratings, Alstom originally wanted to communicate the decision to close the plant only in late autumn. German management presented the employee representatives with the capacity planning for the coming years, according to which no more activities were planned for Görlitz. In 2021, Alstom took over the Canadian company Ex Bombardier Transportation, which had a dozen locations and 9,000 employees in Germany. Bombardier, in turn, bought Deutsche Waggonbau in 1998 and the Daimler train division Adtranz in 2001. The Canadians had not been successful in two decades, with quality defects and rounds of restructuring repeatedly making the headlines. Alstom was continuing the Canadian company's capacity reduction. The best-cost strategy of the French company management envisaged the production of the trains in Katowice and Wroclaw. When the Polish capacity is exhausted, the overflow would be handled in the relatively modern plant in Bautzen. There is no use for Görlitz. "We want the 150-year-old site to be preserved, we are therefore expecting proposals from Alstom," the Dresden Ministry of Economic Affairs announced weeks ago. Just over a year ago, IG Metall agreed a "future collective agreement" with Alstom to secure the 9,000 jobs and give the sites a future. The employees waived a total of € 34 million in holiday pay per year, and the company promised to make investments. Because the employer allegedly failed to meet its obligations, IG Metall recently terminated the collective agreement. IG Metall is preparing lawsuits for thousands of employees to force payment of holiday pay. The company, however, still believes that the collective agreement is valid. Whatever happens, the trust between employers and employees has been massively damaged. It means since 2012 to 2024, 2026, 14 years were gone !^[2]

Following is an excerpt of rail cars built at Görlitz:

Picture	Designation	Notes	Production Company	Build Years
	AT3 Wittfeld-Akkumulatortriebwagen		Königlich Preußische Staatseisenbahn	1910–1914
	Straßenbahnmotorwagen T24		Berliner Straßenbahn	1925
	BVG-Baureihe A		Berliner Verkehrsgesellschaft	1924–1925
	ET 169 Bauart Bernau		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1924–1925
	Straßenbahnmotorwagen		Straßenbahn Den Haag	1925
	ET 89 Rübezahl		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1926
	ET 168 Bauart Oranienburg		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1926
	AT 585–588, AT 591–592		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1927
	Straßenbahnmotorwagen		Straßenbahn Frankfurt (Oder)	1927
	HHA-Baureihe A		Hamburger Hochbahn	1927–1928, 1940, 1943
	ET 165		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1927–1929
	VT 757 - 762		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1927–1929
	Straßenbahnmotorwagen		Straßenbahn Görlitz	1928
	SVT 877 Fliegender Hamburger		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1932
	VT 137 005–009 und VT 137 036–047 Bauarten Berlin, Erfurt, Hannover, Köln und Wuppertal		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1933–1934
	SVT 137 149–152 und SVT 137 242–232 Bauart Hamburg		Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft	1935–1936
	Doppelstockzwillingssteuerwagen		Lübeck-Büchener Eisenbahn	1936–1937
	VT 137 288–295 Bauart Ruhr		Deutsche Reichsbahn	1938
	VT 137 326–376 Bauart Stettin		Deutsche Reichsbahn	1940–1941
	Oberleitungsrevisionstriebwagen BR 135.7		Deutsche Reichsbahn, Polnische Staatsbahn, Tschechoslowakische Staatsbahn	1955–1957, 1959–1961
	Oberleitungsrevisionstriebwagen BR 137.7		Deutsche Reichsbahn, Polnische Staatsbahn, Tschechoslowakische Staatsbahn	1957, 1963–1964, 1968
	Doppelstockzug	zweiteilig	Deutsche Reichsbahn	1955
	Doppelstockzug	vierteilig	Bulgarische Staatsbahn, Deutsche Reichsbahn, Polnische Staatsbahn, Rumänische Staatsbahn, Tschechoslowakische Staatsbahn	1952–1957, 1961–1963, 1965–1977
	Doppelstockgliederzug	fünfteilig	Deutsche Reichsbahn	1957–1960
	VT 18.16 SVT Bauart Görlitz		Deutsche Reichsbahn	1963–1968
	Doppelstockgliederzug	fünfteilig	Deutsche Reichsbahn	1970–1971
	Doppelstockeinzelwagen	1. Generation, Mittel- und Steuerwagen	Bulgarische Staatsbahn, Deutsche Reichsbahn, Polnische Staatsbahn, Rumänische Staatsbahn, Tschechoslowakische Staatsbahn	1973–1974, 1976–1991
	Oberleitungsrevisionstriebwagen BR 188.3		Deutsche Reichsbahn	1987, 1989–1991
	Doppelstockwagen	2. Generation, Mittel- und Steuerwagen	Deutsche Reichsbahn, Deutsche Bundesbahn	1992–1993
	Doppelstockschlafwagen	Wagenkastenbau	Deutsche Bahn AG	1994–1995
	Doppelstockwagen	3. Generation, Mittel- und Steuerwagen	Deutsche Bahn AG	1994–1997
	RIC-Schlafwagen		Litauische Eisenbahn, Russische Eisenbahnen, Eisenbahnen der Slowakischen Republik, Ukrainische Eisenbahn, Weißrussische Eisenbahn	1994–1997
	Doppelstockwagen	4. Generation, Mittel- und Steuerwagen	Dänische Staatsbahn, Deutsche Bahn AG, Israelische Staatsbahn, Koleje Mazowieckie, Luxemburgische Staatsbahn, metronom	1997 - 2021
	BR 411 & 415 ICE-T	Steuerwagen	Deutsche Bahn AG	1998–2001
	BR 445 Meridian	Prototyp, 2006 zerlegt	Deutsche Bahn AG	1998–1999
	Doppelstockinterregiowagen	Wagenkastenbau	Niederländische Bahn	2008–2009
	Metrozüge Movia		Metro Delhi	2009–2010

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