Vraka

Not to be confused with breeches.

Vraka (Albanian: Vrakë; Serbian Cyrillic: Врака) is a region in Shkodër County in northern Albania. The region includes settlements located on the shore of Lake Scutari, some 7 km north of the city of Shkodër. This ethnographic region is inhabited by Serb-Montenegrins, Podgoriçani (Slavic Muslims) and Albanians; it used to be mainly inhabited by Serb-Montenegrins. A small Serbo-Montenegrin community migrated and established itself in Vraka during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The majority of the Serbo-Montenegrin community came to Vraka, Albania from Montenegro during the interwar Zogist period following 1926 and later from 1938 until 1948.[1] By the year 2010 most of the Orthodox families returned to Montenegro and Serbia. As of 2019, there are only a few families living there (less than five).

Woman from Vrakë.

Settlements

History

Early history

The toponym is Slavic.[2][3]

According to Edith Durham the people of Vraka had fled from Bosnia and Montenegro, because of blood feud.[4]

Modern history

Following the Great Eastern Crisis, from 1878 onward a small Muslim Montenegrin speaking community living in the region exists and are known as Podgoriçani, due to their origins from Podgorica in Montenegro.[5][6]

In 1909, the Eparchy of Raška–Prizren had 15 protopresbyteriates, the last of which was Skadar, where the parish of Vraka contained 119 households (villages Novi Borič, Stari Borič, Grilj, Raš, Kule, Omara, Turajlije, Kamenica) with a church in Novi Borič dedicated to Assumption of the Holy Virgin, parish under Petar Mreković.[7]

Vraka is known for having been the place where poet Millosh Gjergj Nikolla became teacher on 23 April 1933, and it was in this period that he started to write prose sketches and verses.[8] The village of Vraka was at the time entirely inhabited by Serb-Montenegrins. The Serb school in Vrake was destroyed in 1934.[9]

In 1990 most of the minority community of Vraka went to Montenegro.[10] As the border opened up, many members of the community left between March–December 1991 for Montenegro and Vraka, Boriç and other nearby areas became severely depopulated.[1] During that time with economic problems and tensions arising in areas of the former Yugoslavia, it made some 600 of them return home to Albania.[10][11]

In 1992, the Morača-Rozafa Association was established.[12]

During the Yugoslav Wars, there were incidents of violence against the Serb-Montenegrin minority in places like Boriç i Vogël and Boriç i Madh, where the Albanian government tried to forcibly take land from them. There were reports that the Albanian government also attempted to forcibly resettle Serb-Montenegrins and Podgoriçani from Boriç i Vogël, Boriç i Madh, Vraka and other places.[13][14][15]

In March 1992, as part of state policy by Serbia and Montenegro to increase the numbers of Serbs in Kosovo, nearly 3,000 people from the Serb minority in Albania emigrated to the region after accepting a government offer for employment and housing in the area.[16][17][18] Another wave came back due to the Kosovo War.

In the early twenty first century, the community lives largely on trade with Montenegro and communal relations with Albanian inhabitants are regarded as good by many of its members.[19]

Demographics

The region serves as the centre of the Serb-Montenegrin minority in Albania (as listed in the census). The estimations of the total number of Serb-Montenegrins in the area vary from 1,000 to over 2,000. The community has retained their language, culture and religion. The minority association of the community, the "Morača-Rozafa", represents the interests of this minority in Shkodër.

During the early 2010s linguists Klaus Steinke and Xhelal Ylli seeking to corroborate villages cited in past literature as being Slavic speaking carried out fieldwork in settlements of the area.[20] Of the Shkodër area exists seven villages with a Slavophone population that speak a Montenegrin dialect.[20]

  • Boriç i Madh - one third of the population is compact and composed of Muslim Podgoriçani.[21]
  • Boriç i Vogël - inhabited by 15 families and the Slavophone families are the only compact group of the Orthodox in Vraka.[21]
  • Gril - the village officially has 1,090 inhabitants or 195 families, while the number of Orthodox Montenegrin families there varies between 2, 3 - 10.[21] An Albanian school exists in Gril, along with a newly built Orthodox church that is without a priest.[21] According to Slavophone locals the Orthodox population moved to Darragjat due to blood feuds related with Montenegro and relocated themselves to the Vraka area such as Gril between 1935 and 1936.[21] Some Orthodox Montenegrins from the village moved to Montenegro in the 1990s with some thereafter returning to Gril.[21]
  • Omaraj - in the village only two Orthodox Montenegrin families remain.[21]
  • Kamicë - the village is almost deserted, with five or six minority Orthodox Montenegrin families left, alongside the few Albanian families.[21]
  • Shtoj i Ri - the village has a compact population of 17 Muslim Podgoriçani families.[21]
  • Shtoj i Vjetër - the village has a compact population of 30 Muslim Podgoriçani families.[21]
  • Shkodër (city) - some Orthodox Montenegrin and Muslim Podgoriçani families live there.[5][6][20]

Families

The surnames were forcibly changed by the Albanian government, from Slavic into Albanian ones, as part of Albanianization.[22] The changed surnames, in Serbo-Croatian transliteration, are indicated with (→)

Serb–Montenegrin families (Vračani)

  • Bašanović brotherhood, in Boriç i Madh, Omaraj
    • →"Beljaj"[22] (sq. Belaj)
  • Brajović brotherhood (sq. Brajoviq), in Boriç i Vogël, Grilë
    • →"Ferizaj", "Jako", "Jakoja" and "Foljeta", in Grilë[22]
    • →"Foljeta", in Boriç i Vogël[22]
  • Camaljić brotherhood, in Grilë
    • →"Mino", in Grilë[22]
    • Popović (sq. "Popaj"), in Boriç i Madh
  • Đinović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël and Grilë
    • →"Ograja" and "Musaja", "Tahiri", in Boriç i Vogël and Grilë[22]
  • Hajković brotherhood
    • →"Hajku", in Boriç i Vogël and Grilë[22]
  • Kontić brotherhood
    • →"Konto", in Boriç i Vogël[22]
  • Krstović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël, Boriç i Madh, Omaraj and Grilë
    • →"Karanaj"[22]
    • →"Nikola" and "Nikolaj" (sq. Nikolla/j), in Grilë[22]
    • →"Nikolaj" (sq. Nikollaj), in Boriç i Vogël[22]
  • Matanović brotherhood (sq. Matanoviq), of the Kaluđerović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël, Boriç i Madh, Grilë
  • Martinović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël, Boriç i Madh
    • →"Matanaj"[22]
    • →"Šuto" (sq. Shuto), in Boriç i Vogël[22]
  • Pelčić/Peličić/Peljčić brotherhood in Grilë
    • →"Šeljčaj", in Grilë[22]
  • Popović brotherhood, in Boriç i Madh, Grilë
    • →"Popaj", in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Sekulić brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël
    • →"Haškaj", in Boriç i Vogël[22]
  • Šabanović brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël
    • →"Dritaraj", in Boriç i Vogël[22]
  • Šunjević brotherhood
  • (sq. Suti), in Boriç i Madh
  • Vučinić
  • Zlatičanin brotherhood, in Boriç i Vogël, Grilë
    • →"Krsto", "Krstaja" and "Faticaj", in Grilë[22]

Podgoriçani families

  • Piranić (→Piranaj, Pirani), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Pepić (→Pepaj, Pepa), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Lekić (→Lekiqi, Leka), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Tuzović (→Tuzi), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Kerović (→Keraj), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Osmanagić (→Osmani), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Bibezić (→Bibezi), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Goković (→Gokovi), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Salagić (→Salagaj), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Ferizović (→Ferizi), in Boriç i Madh[22]
  • Beganović (→Begani), in Boriç i Madh[22]

Notable people

References

  1. ^ a b Miranda Vickers; James Pettifer (1997). Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-85065-279-3.
  2. ^ Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. R. Trofenik. 1992. Vrakë SH. Flowing into Lake Shkodër. Also village toponym Vrakë. Slavic toponym.
  3. ^ Благоје В. Марковић (1990). "Врака и Врачани". Још од катастра 1416., без промјене до 1933. помињу се села: Раш и Куле [...] Јована рашког атарима села Раша и Пула око којих je и по броју и по врсти остало највише споменичких остатака: зидина, зараслих кућних темеља, земљаних хумки "главица", гробаља на неколико мјеста, стародревних стабала дрвећа. На једном од великих млинарских брестова атара села Куле Црногорци су 1912. поставили осматрачницу погледа на штојски фронт и ка Скадру.[14] О густини насељености положају ширем смислу, у старих Врачана забиљежио сам предање: "От старога Громира ("Громир кећ") преко Раша и св. Јована до Дришта (Дриваст) могла je мачка с куће на кућу да мине а да земљу не такне". [...] Арнаутско село "Раш Мали" - топоним, спуштен je на мјесто врачкога Раша, те, сада, древни Раш се назива "Раши вогељ". По неким вијестима наш Раш je срушен и планиран изнова, а св. Јован "Црквина", служи у друге сврхе. [...] Село Раш [...] Село Куле
  4. ^ Edith Durham, M. (2009-06-01). Edith Durham. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-4068-2855-9.
  5. ^ a b Tošić, Jelena (2015). "City of the 'calm': Vernacular mobility and genealogies of urbanity in a southeast European borderland". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 15 (3): 391–408. doi:10.1080/14683857.2015.1091182. pp. 394–395. "As noted above, the vernacular mobility term 'Podgoriçani' (literally meaning 'people that came from Podgoriça', the present-day capital of Montenegro) refers to the progeny of Balkan Muslims, who migrated to Shkodra in four historical periods and in highest numbers after the Congress of Berlin 1878. Like the Ulqinak, the Podgoriçani thus personify the mass forced displacement of the Muslim population from the Balkans and the 'unmixing of peoples' (see e.g. Brubaker 1996, 153) at the time of the retreat of the Ottoman Empire, which has only recently sparked renewed scholarly interest (e.g. Blumi 2013; Chatty 2013)."
  6. ^ a b Gruber, Siegfried (2008). "Household structures in urban Albania in 1918". The History of the Family. 13 (2): 138–151. doi:10.1016/j.hisfam.2008.05.002. S2CID 144626672. p. 142. "Migration to Shkodra was mostly from the villages to the south-east of the city and from the cities of Podgorica and Ulcinj in Montenegro. This was connected to the independence of Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire in the year 1878 and the acquisition of additional territories, e.g. Ulcinj in 1881 (Ippen, 1907, p. 3)."
  7. ^ Ljubomir Durković-Jakšić, Prilozi za istoriju Srpske pravoslavne crkve u Skadru i okolini
  8. ^ Robert Elsie (2005). Albanian Literature: A Short History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 132–. ISBN 978-1-84511-031-4.
  9. ^ "Udru?enje "Mora?a-Rozafa" - Istorijat". Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2016-05-02.
  10. ^ a b Genov, Nikolai (2006). Ethnicity and Mass Media in South Eastern Europe. Lit Verlag. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-8258-9348-4. "Vraka to the north of the city of Shkodra and near the border with Montenegro. There are no accurate data about this ethnic minority in the population census of 1989. It was considered that it consisted of about 2,000 people. Almost all of them left for Montenegro in 1990. Economic difficulties and the tensions created in the former Yugoslavia urged about 600 of them to return to their homes in Albania.
  11. ^ Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. One subgroup of Christian-Orthodox faith once lived in the area of Vrakë of the district of Shkodër in the north, until a large group thereof emigrated in early 1990 to the then-Yugoslav Federation, although about 600 later returned.
  12. ^ "Srpska Dijaspora | Susedne zemlje | PROBLEMI UDRU?ENJA SRPSKO-CRNOGORSKE MANJINE U ALBANIJI". Archived from the original on 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
  13. ^ Daily Report: East Europe 116–126. The Service. 1994. The report that the Albanian authorities have tried forcibly to resettle members of the Serb and Montenegrin minorities, residents of Vraka and Podgoricani, from the villages of Stari Boric and Mladi Boric, in which they have always lived, has caused great concern among the Yugoslav public.
  14. ^ Daily Report: East Europe, 136-146. 1995. On that occasion the Albanian authorities attempted to forcibly requisition land from the members of the Serbian and Montenegrin minority from the village Stari Boric and Mladi Boric near Shkodra by demanding that they sign a statement ...
  15. ^ Yugoslav Survey. Jugoslavija Publishing House. 1998. p. 38.
  16. ^ IDSA News Review on USSR/Europe. Institute For Defence Studies and Analyses. January 1991. p. 293.
  17. ^ Janjić, Dušan; Lalaj, Anna; Pula, Besnik (2013). "Kosovo under the Milošević Regime". In Ingrao, Charles W.; Emmert, Thomas A. (eds.). Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative. Purdue University Press. p. 290. ISBN 978-1-55753-617-4.
  18. ^ Clayer, Nathalie (2007). Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: La naissance d'une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe [The origins of Albanian nationalism: The birth of a predominantly Muslim nation in Europe]. Paris: Karthala. ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8. p. 65. "Shkodër... Elle comprenait six à sept cents personnes dans la ville, dont cinq à six cents «Serbo-Montenegrins»... Le village de Vrakë, situé à une heure - une heure et demie de march au nord de Shkodër, comptait sept à huit cent orthodoxes slavophones. D'après le consul français, les habitants de ce village souhaitaient etre rattachés au Monténégro, ce qui était imposible étant donné l'éloignement de la frontier.[15]... [15] Un siècle plus tard, leurs descendants ont fini par émigrer en Yougoslavie après la chute de régime communiste et ont été installes… au Kosovo."
  19. ^ Hermine de Soto (1 January 2002). Poverty in Albania: A Qualitative Assessment. World Bank Publications. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8213-5109-3.
  20. ^ a b c Steinke, Klaus; Ylli, Xhelal (2013). Die slavischen Minderheiten in Albanien (SMA). 4. Teil: Vraka - Borakaj. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner. ISBN 978-3-86688-363-5. p. 9. "Am östlichen Ufer des Shkodrasees gibt es heute auf dem Gebiet von Vraka vier Dörfer, in denen ein Teil der Bewohner eine montenegrinische Mundart spricht. Es handelt sich dabei um die Ortschaften Boriçi i Madh (Borić Veli), Boriçi i Vogël (Borić Mali/Borić Stari/Borić Vezirov), Gril (Grilj) und Omaraj (Omara), die verwaltungstechnisch Teil der Gemeinde Gruemira in der Region Malësia e Madhe sind. Ferner zählen zu dieser Gruppe noch die Dörfer Shtoji i Ri und Shtoji i Vjetër in der Gemeinde Rrethinat und weiter nordwestlich von Koplik das Dorf Kamica (Kamenica), das zur Gemeinde Qendër in der Region Malësia e Madhe gehört. Desgleichen wohnen vereinzelt in der Stadt sowie im Kreis Shkodra weitere Sprecher der montenegrinischen Mundart. Nach ihrer Konfession unterscheidet man zwei Gruppen, d.h. orthodoxe mid muslimische Slavophone. Die erste, kleinere Gruppe wohnt in Boriçi i Vogël, Gril, Omaraj und Kamica, die zweite, größere Gruppe in Boriçi i Madh und in Shtoj. Unter den in Shkodra wohnenden Slavophonen sind beide Konfessionen vertreten... Die Muslime bezeichnen sich gemeinhin als Podgoričani 'Zuwanderer aus Podgorica' und kommen aus Zeta, Podgorica, Tuzi usw."
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Steinke & Ylli 2013 p. 20. "Außer in Boriçi i Madh und auch in Shtoj, wo die Slavophonen eine kompakte Gruppe innerhalb des jeweiligen Ortes bilden, sind sie in anderen Dorfern zahlenmäßig bedeutunglos geworden."; p. 103. "Boriçi i Madh - Borić Veli. Das Dorf besteht zu einem Drittel aus muslimischen Slavophonen. Zusammen mit Shtoj bildet Boriçi i Madh die größte kompakte Ansiedlung von den Podgoricanen in Vraka."; p. 108. "Boriçi i Vogël - Borić Mali / Stari / Vezirov. Mit ungefahr 15 Familien bilden die Slavophonen von Boriçi i Vogël die einzige kompakte Gruppe der Orthodoxen in Vraka."; p. 111. "Gril - Grilj. In Gril leben offiziell 1.090 Einwohner bzw. 195 Familien. Die Angaben über die Zahl der orthodoxen Familien der montenegreschen Minderheit schwanken zwischen zwei bis drei und zehn. Hier befindet sich die die albanische Schule für Vraka und ferner eine neugebaute orthodoxe Kirche, die freilich keinen Priester hat. Die orthodoxen Einwohner sollen zunächst wegen der Blutrache von Montenegro nach Daragjat und von dort 1935-1936 nach Vraka gezogen sein, wie VK angbit. Er ist auch einer der wenigen Rückkehrer, der am Anfang der 1990-er nach Montenegro ging und wider zurückkam."; p. 117. "Kamica - Kamenica. Das Dorf ist fast verlassen, und heute wohnen dort nur noch fünf bis sechs orthodoxe Familien der Minderheit und einige hinzugekommene albanische Familien."; p. 126. "Omaraj - Omara. In Omaraj wohnen nur noch zwei orthodoxe Familien der Minderheit."; p. 131. "Shtoji - Štoj. In Shtoj i Vjetër leben heute ungefähr 30 und in Shtoj i Ri 17 muslimische Familien, d.h Podgoričaner."
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Šćepanović 1990.
  23. ^ Narodni muzej-Beograd (1994). Zbornik Narodnog muzeja. Vol. 15. p. 13.
  24. ^ Sanja Lubardić. "Život Srba u Albaniji, Razgovor sa Pavlom Brajovićem, predsednikom Udruženja Srba u Albaniji" [Life of Serbs in Albania, Conversation with Pavle Brajović, President of the Association of Serbs in Albania]. Pravoslavlje, 996 (in Serbian). Archived from the original on 2014-04-13.

Sources

Journals

  • Marko Lopušina (1998). Svi Srbi sveta: vodič kroz dijasporu. IP PRINCIP. ISBN 978-86-82273-07-3.
  • Zlatičanin, Blagoje (Summer–Autumn 2011). "Crnogorci iz Vrake na stalnoj Golgoti" (PDF). Matica. pp. 157–160. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-24.
  • Aleksandar Deroko, "U Bodinovoj prestonici. Putopisne arhitektonske zabeleške iz Skadra - grada Rosava - i okoline", Starinar, Beograd 1930,129-151.
  • Благоје В. Марковић, "Врака и Врачани", Расколник (Горњи Милановац), 1969/5, стр. 58-60.
  • Лазар Рогановић, "Под туђима сунцем (Врака и Врачани)", И дио, Титоград 1978, 18.
  • Aleksandar Deroko, "U Bodinovoj prestonici. Putopisne arhitektonske zabeleške iz Skadra - grada Rosava - i okoline", Starinar, Beograd 1930,129-151.
  • Burovic, K. (2011-01-23), "Doprinos Srpsko-Crnogorske manjine u istoriji Albanskog naroda", Novinar Online

Symposia

  • Становништво словенског поријекла у Албанији/Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji. Зборник радова са међународног научног скупа одржаног на Цетињу 21, 22. и 23. јуна 1990. године. Titograd: Историјски институт СР Црне Горе. 1991 [1990].
    • Bošković, Branko (1991) [1990]. Насељавање Врачана у Метохији, њихов прогон и растур. Становништво словенског поријекла у Албанији. Titograd: Историјски институт СР Црне Горе.
    • Drašković, Aleksandar (1991) [1990]. Nacionalne manjine u Albaniji poslije Drugog svjetskog rata. Становништво словенског поријекла у Албанији. Titograd: Историјски институт СР Црне Горе.
    • Lakić, Zoran; Žugić, Tomislav (1991) [1990]. Положај југословенских мањина у Албанији 1945-1990. Становништво словенског поријекла у Албанији. Titograd: Историјски институт СР Црне Горе.
    • Marković, Blagoje V. (1991) [1990]. Врака и Врачани. Становништво словенског поријекла у Албанији. Titograd: Историјски институт СР Црне Горе.
    • Šćepanović, Slobodan (1991) [1990]. Најновији демографски и други подаци о Враки. Становништво словенског поријекла у Албанији. Titograd: Историјски институт СР Црне Горе.
    • Извештаји руског конзула Ивана Степановича Јастребова из Скадра о словенском живљу и њиховим црквама у Албанији у другој половини XIX века
    • Српско-православна скадарска општина у XIX и почетком XX века
    • Црногорска штампа о словенском становништву у Албанији (1871-1918)
    • Српске школе у Скадру и Враки и албанска просвјетна политика тридесетих година XX вијека
    • Црногорска штампа о словенском становништву у Албанији 1918–1938.
    • Српске школе у Албанији
    • Југословенско-албански односи 1945–1948. и наше мањине у НР Албанији
    • Присуство припадника народа из Црне Горе на тлу Албаније и проблеми двовласничких имања 1945–1948. године