Vitrified clay pipe

Bell & Spigot Pipe manufactured in the U.S. going into the trench
Glazed ceramic pipes, manufactured in the EU

Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) is pipe made from a blend of clay and shale that has been subjected to high temperature to achieve vitrification, which results in a hard, inert ceramic.

VCP is commonly used in gravity sewer collection mains because of its long life and resistance to almost all domestic and industrial sewage, particularly the sulfuric acid that is generated by hydrogen sulfide, a common component of sewage. Only hydrofluoric acid and highly concentrated caustic wastes are known to attack VCP.[1] Such wastes would not be permitted to be discharged into a municipal sewage collection system without adequate pretreatment.[2]

There are three main types of VCP produced in the U.S.: Bell & Spigot Pipe (with factory-applied compression joints), Band-Seal pipe (with rubber compression couplings) and NO-DIG(R) Pipe (for trenchless installation with an elastomeric gasket and stainless steel collar for a low-profile compression joint). All VCP manufactured in the U.S. must comply with ASTM C425 to provide a flexible leak-free joint.

Clay pipe has been in-use in sanitary sewer systems for at least 5,000 years [3]

Production

VCP pipe is made by forming clay then heating it to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit (1100 degrees Celsius).[4] The pipe is then vitrified.[5] In some areas the pipe is then glazed to ensure that it will be water-tight.[6]

Benefits

VCP products use clay as a major component in its production, making its raw materials environmentally friendly. The manufacturing process has been fine-tuned for centuries and was designed to be fiscally responsible which had the added benefit of being environmentally responsible. But the primary benefit (both environmental and fiscal) of using VCP in sanitary sewers is its long service life.[7][8]

As Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs) have become an area of concern for the US EPA and thus a very large potential liability for municipalities, cleaning sewers for condition assessment and maintenance has become a critical factor in system design. Flexible thermoplastic pipe limits the tools available for this cleaning as they are more easily damaged. VCP allows for aggressive cleaning methods which prolongs the service life of a sewer line and frequently eliminates the need for expensive dig-ups.[9]

Further, VCP's resistance to a wide variety of acids besides hydrofluoric acid make it a long lasting choice for use in underground sewers.[10]

References

  1. ^ |title=Vitrified Clay Pipe Engineering Manual |date=2017 |publisher=National Clay Pipe Institute |location=United States of America |page=3-1 |url=http://ncpi.org/ |accessdate=19 July 2018
  2. ^ "Pretreatment Program". Office of Wastewater Management, Environmental Protection Agency.
  3. ^ Schladweiler, Jon. "Tracking Down The Roots Of Our Sanitary Sewers".
  4. ^ Vitrified Clay Pipe Engineering Manual. United States of America: National Clay Pipe Institute. 2017. pp. 1–3.
  5. ^ Herman Koren; Michael S. Bisesi (19 April 2016). Handbook of Environmental Health, Fourth Edition, Volume II: Pollutant Interactions in Air, Water, and Soil. CRC Press. pp. 488–. ISBN 978-0-8493-7800-3.
  6. ^ Loran O'Bannon (6 December 2012). Dictionary of Ceramic Science and Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 270–. ISBN 978-1-4613-2655-7.
  7. ^ Brick and Clay Record. Windsor and Kenfield. 1953.
  8. ^ Vitrified Clay Pipe Engineers': Handbook. Southern Clay Pipe Institute. 1960.
  9. ^ Operations & Maintenance Handbook. National Clay Pipe Institute. 2020.
  10. ^ Water and Sewage Works. Scranton Publishing Company. 1960.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ceramic pipes.


Stub icon

This article about a civil engineering topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Read other articles:

Ernests Gulbis

Ernests GulbisKebangsaan LatviaTempat tinggalJūrmala, LatviaLahir30 Agustus 1988 (umur 35)Riga, RSS Latvia, Uni SovietTinggi190 m (623 ft 4 in)Memulai pro2004Tipe pemainTangan kanan (backhand dua tangan)Total hadiah$3,336,200TunggalRekor (M–K)161-144Gelar4Peringkat tertinggiNo. 21 (7 Februari 2011)Peringkat saat iniNo. 24 (28 Oktober 2013)Hasil terbaik di Grand Slam (tunggal)Australia TerbukaP2 (2009)Prancis TerbukaPF (2008)WimbledonP3 (2013)AS TerbukaP4 (2007)Turn...

 

 

Polisakarida

tepung kentang adalah contoh pati Polisakarida adalah karbohidrat yang memiliki polimer yang panjang dan tersusun dari ratusan hingga ribuan monosakarida[1]. Rantai ikatan kimia polisakarida dihubungkan dengan ikatan glikosida yang panjang dan bercabang dengan susunan molekul yang sejenis dan majemuk. Jenis polisakarida dengan struktur lurus yaitu amilosa dan selulosa, sedangkan dalam bentuk rantai bercabang yaitu amilopektin dan glikogen. Berdasarkan struktur kimianya, polisakarida d...

 

 

Lavender Town

Fictional town in Pokémon universe Lavender TownLavender Town as it appears in Pokémon Red and BlueFirst appearancePokémon Red and BlueLast appearancePokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!GenreJapanese role-playing gameIn-universe informationOther name(s)Home of SpiritsTypeVillageLocationKanto Lavender Town (Japanese: シオンタウン, Hepburn: Shion Taun, Shion Town) is a fictional village in the 1996 video games Pokémon Red and Blue. Stylized as a haunted location, Lavender...

Jonava Basketball Club

Questa voce sull'argomento società di pallacanestro lituane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Jonava BCPallacanestro Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Colori sociali Blu e bianco Dati societari Città Jonava Nazione  Lituania Confederazione FIBA Europe Federazione LKF Campionato Lietuvos Krepšinio Lyga Fondazione 1999 Denominazione Jonava BC(1999-presente) Presidente Vaidas Vaškevičius Allenatore Virginijus Šešk...

 

 

Wrath of the Tyrant

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: Wrath of the Tyrant – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (Februa...

 

 

Sasanian Egypt

618–628 province of the Sasanian Empire Sasanian province of EgyptAgiptusProvince of the Sasanian EmpireMap of the Diocese of Egypt, which was controlled by the Sasanians.CapitalAlexandriaHistorical eraLate Antiquity• Established 618• Status quo ante bellum 628 Preceded by Succeeded by Egypt (Roman province) Egypt (Roman province) Today part ofEgyptLibya Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt Predynastic Period6000–3000 BC Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Per...

Christian Kabasele

Christian Kabasele Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Christian Kabasele[1]Tanggal lahir 24 Februari 1991 (umur 33)Tempat lahir Lubumbashi, ZaireTinggi 187 cm (6 ft 2 in)Posisi bermain Bek tengahInformasi klubKlub saat ini UdineseNomor 27Karier junior–2008 EupenKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2008–2011 Eupen 9 (0)2011 → Mechelen (pinjaman) 4 (1)2011–2012 Ludogorets Razgrad 11 (3)2012–2014 Eupen 41 (6)2014–2016 Genk 76 (6)2016–2023 Watford 153 (6)2023�...

 

 

Hurdy-gurdy

Hurdy-gurdyNama lainWheel fiddle, wheel vielle, vielle à roue, zanfona, draailier, ghirondaKlasifikasi Alat musik dawaiHornbostel–Sachs321.322-72(Composite chordophone sounded by rosined wheel)Rentangan permainan Alat musik terkait Drejelire Nyckelharpa Bowed clavier Vielle organisée/Lira organizzata Viola organista Sound sample of a hurdy-gurdy Bermasalah memainkan berkas ini? Lihat bantuan media. Hurdy-gurdy adalah instrumen alat musik dawai mekanis yang menghasilkan suara dengan memuta...

 

 

Bell test

Experiments to test Bell's theorem in quantum mechanics Bell experiment redirects here. For the KEK particle physics experiment, see Belle experiment. Part of a series of articles aboutQuantum mechanics i ℏ d d t | Ψ ⟩ = H ^ | Ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle } Schrödinger equation Introduction Glossary History Background Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Bra–ket notation Hamiltonian Interference ...

Ermatinger Clergue National Historic Site

Museum in Ontario, CanadaErmatinger Clergue National Historic SiteErmatinger-Clergue Heritage Discovery CentreLocationSault Ste. Marie, Ontario, CanadaCoordinates46°30′22″N 84°19′28″W / 46.50622°N 84.32456°W / 46.50622; -84.32456TypeMuseumCuratorKathryn FisherWebsitewww.ecnhs.com The Ermatinger Clergue National Historic Site is a historic site and museum located in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. Site There are three buildings on the site: the Ermatinge...

 

 

Ömer Aşık

Questa voce sull'argomento cestisti turchi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Ömer Aşık Aşık al tiro con la maglia dei Houston Rockets Nazionalità  Turchia Altezza 213 cm Peso 116 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo Centro Termine carriera 2018 Carriera Squadre di club 2005-2006 Fenerbahçe1 (2)2006-2007 Ülkerspor30 (280)2007-2010 Fenerbahçe Ülker46 (470)2010-2012 Chic...

 

 

Alan Turvey Trophy

Football tournament in England Football tournamentAlan Turvey TrophyFounded1975Region EnglandCurrent championsChatham Town (1st title)Most successful club(s)Sutton United (4 titles)WebsiteIsthmian League Website The Alan Turvey Trophy,[1] formerly the Isthmian League Cup, is a football knock-out cup competition organised by the Isthmian League in England. Slough Town vs Hampton & Richmond Borough in the 2005 final History Isthmian League Chairman and President Alan Turvey was...

Abdel Bari Atwan

Abdel Bari AtwanGambar tahun 2017Nama asalعبد الباري عطوانLahirAbdel Bari Atwan17 Februari 1950 (umur 74)Deir al-Balah, Jalur GazaTempat tinggalLondonKebangsaanPalestinaNama lainAbd al-Bari Atwan, Abdul Bari AtwanWarga negaraBritania RayaPekerjaanWartawanDikenal atasKepala Penyunting Surat KabarSitus webSitus web resmi Situs web Arab Abdel Bari Atwan (Arab: عبد الباري عطوان ʿAbd al-Bārī ʿAṭwān , Levantine pronunciation: [ˈʕabd el�...

 

 

Society of London Theatre

English live theatre organisation, created 1908 This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Society of London Theatre – news · newspapers · books · scholar&#...

 

 

Філософія

Частина серії проФілософіяLeft to right: Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Buddha, Confucius, AverroesПлатонКантНіцшеБуддаКонфуційАверроес Філософи Епістемологи Естетики Етики Логіки Метафізики Соціально-політичні філософи Традиції Аналітична Арістотелівська Африканська Близькосхідна іранська Буддій�...

هايسفيل

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع هايسفيل (توضيح). هايسفيل   الإحداثيات 41°15′52″N 92°14′56″W / 41.2644°N 92.2489°W / 41.2644; -92.2489   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة كيوكوك  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 0.654666 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)  ارت�...

 

 

Maxi Trial

1989-92 criminal trial against the Sicilian Mafia in Palermo, Sicily, Italy A hearing of the Maxi Trial Part of a series on the History of Italy Early Prehistoric Italy Nuragic civilization (18th–3rd c. BC) Etruscan civilization (12th–6th c. BC) Magna Graecia (8th–3rd c. BC) Ancient Rome Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC) Republic (509 BC–27 BC) Roman expansion in Italy Roman Italy Populares and Optimates Empire (27 BC–286 AD) Western Empire (286 AD–476 AD) Prae...

 

 

Cordillera Central (Luzon)

Mountain range in Luzon, Philippines This article is about the mountain range. For the administrative region within the range, see Cordillera Administrative Region. Cordillera CentralThe southern limits of the range as viewed from the plains of Natividad, PangasinanHighest pointPeakMount PulagElevation2,928[1] m (9,606 ft)DimensionsLength320 km (200 mi) north-southWidth118 km (73 mi) east-westArea22,500 km2 (8,700 sq mi)Geograp...

Southport and Cheshire Lines Extension Railway

Southport and CheshireLines Extension RailwayOverviewLocaleLancashireMerseysideTechnicalTrack gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge Route map Legend North Liverpool Extension Line Liverpool, Ormskirk & Preston Rly Orrell Park Aintree Central Aintree Old Roan Liverpool, Ormskirk & Preston Rly Sefton and Maghull Lydiate Altcar and Hillhouse Barton Liverpool, Southport andPreston Junction Railway Mossbridge Freshfield Woodvale Liverpool, ...

 

 

Punchline (film)

1988 film by David Seltzer PunchlineTheatrical posterDirected byDavid SeltzerWritten byDavid SeltzerProduced byDaniel MelnickMichael I. RachmilStarring Sally Field Tom Hanks John Goodman Mark Rydell CinematographyReynaldo VillalobosEdited byBruce GreenMusic byGary AndersonCharles GrossDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date October 7, 1988 (1988-10-07) Running time122 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$15 millionBox office$21 million (US/Canada)[1] Pun...