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The vine staff, vine-staff, or centurion's staff^[1] (Latin: vitis)^[2] was a vinewood rod of about 1 m (3 ft) in length used in the ancient Roman army^[3]^[4] and navy.^[5] It was the mark and tool of the centurion:^[6] both as an implement in the direction of drill and maneuvers^{[citation needed]}; and to beat wayward or laggard soldiers or sailors under his command.^[7] It was also borne by evocati who held an equivalent rank.^[8]

Origin

The vine staff may have derived from the Etruscan lituus and was certainly in use by the Punic Wars.^[4] Following the enactment of the Porcian Laws in the early 2nd century BC, it was the only manner by which Roman citizens could be beaten^[7] and is mentioned by various classical authors. A line in Ovid notes that "the good general commits the vitis to one to command one hundred."^[9] Pliny: "The centurion's vine staff is an excellent medicine for sluggish troops who don't want to advance..."^[11] "and when used to chastise offenses makes even the punishment respectable."^[13] It carried none of the stigma of the whipping (by virgae) suffered by criminals prior to execution or the cudgeling (by fustes) endured for severe military offenses.^[14]

Tacitus mentions Lucilius, a centurion known as "Gimme Another" (Cedo Alterum or Alteram) for his tendency to break his vine staffs during beatings;^[15] he was one of the first killed during the Pannonian Mutiny.^[14]

Generally, however, soldiers were expected to endure their punishments; seizing the vine staff was cause for demotion and breaking it or harming the centurion were offenses punishable by death.^[14] Some scholars state the vine staff was the instrument used to beat the Iceni queen Boadicca.^[16] St Marcellus the Centurion was martyred after he cast away his vine staff and repudiated his rank.^[17]

Description

The vine staff is often featured on Roman tombs of the 1st through 4th century as a symbol of a centurion's status. These monuments show a variety of forms. During the early Principate, it was usually straight with a rounded top; it later acquired a mushroom-shaped head, which was continued under the Byzantines.^[3] Less often, it appeared in knotted and sinuous forms. One centurion gave his vine staff to the Temple of Jupiter at Heliopolis (modern Baalbek) as a votive offering. It was broken and given to the emperor Trajan when he inquired of the oracle of the Heliopolitan Jupiter whether he would survive his upcoming invasion of Parthia.^[18]

References

Citations

^ Robinson (1975), p. 157.
^ Brand (1968), p. 83.
^ ^a ^b D'Amato (2012), pp. 38–39.
^ ^a ^b D'Amato (2013), p. 38–39.
^ D'Amato (2009), p. 20.
^ ^a ^b Webster 1979, p. 132.
^ ^a ^b Walters (1997), p. 40.
^ Lewis 1890, p. 206.
^ Ovid, Art of Love, III, 527.
^ Mannix (1964), p. 33.
^ Cited in Mannix.^[10]
^ Gallonio (2013), p. 51.
^ Cited in Gallonio.^[12]
^ ^a ^b ^c Brand (1968), p. 84.
^ Tacitus., Annals, Bk. I, Ch. 23, §4.
^ Williams (2009), p. 109.
^ Gallonio (2013), pp. 49–50.
^ Cook (1914), p. 553.

Bibliography

Brand, C. E. (1968), Roman Military Law, Austin: University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-74224-X.
Cook, Arthur Bernard (1914), Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion, vol. 1: Zeus God of the Bright Sky, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
D'Amato, Raffaele (2009), Imperial Roman Naval Forces 31 BC–AD 500, Men-at-Arms, vol. 479, illustrations by Graham Sumner, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84603-317-9.
D'Amato, Raffaele (2012), Roman Centurions 31 BC–AD 500: The Classical and Late Empire, Men-at-Arms, vol. 479, illustrations by Giuseppe Rava, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84908-795-7.
D'Amato, Raffaele (2013), Roman Centurions 753–31 BC: The Kingdom and the Age of Consuls, Men-at-Arms, vol. 470, illustrations by Giuseppe Rava, Oxford: Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84908-937-1.
Gallonio, Rev. Antonio (2013), De SS. Martyrum Cruciatibus (PDF), translated from the Latin by Geoffrey K. Mondello as The Tortures and Torments of the Christian Martyrs for the Boston Catholic Journal.
Lewis, Bunnell (1890), "Roman Antiquities of the Middle Rhine", The Archaeological Journal, vol. 47, London: British Archaeological Association, pp. 193–378.
Mannix, Daniel Pratt IV (1964), The History of Torture, New York, Lake Oswego, Oregon: Dorset, eNet Press, ISBN 1-61886-751-2.
Robinson, H. Russell (1975), The Armour of Imperial Rome, Charles Scribner's Sons, ISBN 0-684-13956-1.
Walters, Jonathan (1997), "Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought", Roman Sexualities, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 29–44, ISBN 0-691-01179-6.
Webster, Graham (1979). The Roman Imperial Army of the first and second centuries A.D. London: Constable and Company. p. 132. ISBN 0-09-475660-0.
Williams, Carolyn D. (2009), Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen, Cranbury: Associated University Presses, ISBN 978-0-87413-079-9.

[FOOTNOTERobinson1975157-1] Robinson (1975), p. 157.

[FOOTNOTEBrand1968[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRbh7AAAAQBAJpgPT83_83]-2] Brand (1968), p. 83.

[FOOTNOTED'Amato2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidMx1lYN3w9HQCpgPA38_38–39]-3] D'Amato (2012), pp. 38–39.

[FOOTNOTED'Amato2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddJtUtpCicXICpgPA38_38–39]-4] D'Amato (2013), p. 38–39.

[FOOTNOTED'Amato2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcmu8DtcjRIoCpgPA20_20]-5] D'Amato (2009), p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEWebster1979132-6] Webster 1979, p. 132.

[FOOTNOTEWalters1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid1ZPC3TqBZEQCpgPA40_40]-7] Walters (1997), p. 40.

[FOOTNOTELewis1890[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXskPAAAAYAAJpgPA206_206]-8] Lewis 1890, p. 206.

[9] Ovid, Art of Love, III, 527.

[FOOTNOTEMannix1964[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidktX9AwAAQBAJpgPA33_33]-10] Mannix (1964), p. 33.

[11] Cited in Mannix.^[10]

[FOOTNOTEGallonio201351-12] Gallonio (2013), p. 51.

[13] Cited in Gallonio.^[12]

[FOOTNOTEBrand1968[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidRbh7AAAAQBAJpgPT84_84]-14] Brand (1968), p. 84.

[15] Tacitus., Annals, Bk. I, Ch. 23, §4.

[FOOTNOTEWilliams2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKn7jypUqKbwCpgPA109_109]-16] Williams (2009), p. 109.

[FOOTNOTEGallonio201349–50-17] Gallonio (2013), pp. 49–50.

[FOOTNOTECook1914[httpdigiubuni-heidelbergdediglitcook1914bd10636_553]-18] Cook (1914), p. 553.

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Vine staff

Origin

Description

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

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