The oldest of six siblings, Banks grew up in The Valley.[4] His father died when he was a teenager. His first job was as a teacher at Valley Secondary School, where he worked from 1964 until 1968. He then attended the University of the Virgin Islands, where he obtained a BA in social sciences in 1972. He then attended the New School for Social Research in New York City, where he obtained a master's degree in political science. He started a PhD at the same institution, but left in 1979 at the all but dissertation stage.
In a by-election in 1985 he was elected in the Valley South Constituency for the ADP.[1] He retained the Valley South seat until the 2010 elections. In 1994 he was appointed Minister of Finance and Economic Development, serving until 1999. In 2000 he became Minister of Finance, Economic Development, Investment and Commerce, with Tourism added to the portfolio in 2005.[1] He left the cabinet after losing his seat in 2010.
Banks became Chief Minister (renamed to Premier in 2019) after the AUF won six of the seven elected seats in the House of Assembly in the 2015 elections, in which he also regained the Valley South seat.