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The Right Honourable
Sir Vere Cornwall Bird
KNH
The Right Honourable Sir Vere Cornwall Bird KNH
	Bird in 1986
1st Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
	In office; 1 November 1981 – 9 March 1994
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governors‑General	Sir Wilfred Jacobs; Sir James Carlisle
Preceded by	Himself (as Premier)
Succeeded by	Lester Bird
1st Premier of Antigua
	In office; 29 February 1976 – 1 November 1981
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor	Sir Wilfred Jacobs
Preceded by	George Walter
Succeeded by	George Walter
	In office; 27 February 1967 – 14 February 1971
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor	Sir Wilfred Jacobs
Preceded by	Himself (as Chief minister)
Succeeded by	George Walter
1st Chief minister of Antigua
	In office; 1 January 1960 – 27 February 1967
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Governor	Ian Turbott; Sir David Rose
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Himself (as Premier)
Personal details
Born	9 December 1909; St. John's, Presidency of Antigua
Died	28 June 1999 (aged 89); St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda
Political party	Labour

Sir Vere Cornwall Bird, KNH (9 December 1909^[1] – 28 June 1999) was the first Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda. His son, Lester Bryant Bird, succeeded him as prime minister. In 1994, he was declared a "National Hero".

He was an officer in the Salvation Army for 2 years. In 1943, he became the president of the Antigua Trades and Labour Union. He achieved national acclaim politically for the first time when he was elected to the colonial legislature in 1945. He formed the Antigua Labour Party and became the first and only chief minister, first and last premier, and first prime minister from 1981 to 1994. His resignation was due to failing health and internal issues within the government.

In 1985 Antigua's international airport, which was first named Coolidge International Airport, was renamed V.C. Bird International Airport in his honour.

Early life and education

Bird was born in a poor area of St John's, the capital. Unlike most of his political contemporaries – such as Norman Manley of Jamaica and Sir Grantley Herbert Adams of Barbados, who were distinguished lawyers, and Trinidadian Eric Williams, a scholar – Bird had little formal education except primary schooling. He attended St John's Boys School, now known as the T.N. Kirnon Primary School.

Political career

Positions in Antigua

Bird was an officer in the Salvation Army for two years interspersing his interests in trade unionism and politics. He gave up the Salvation Army because he saw the way the landowners were treating the local black Antiguans and Barbudans, so he decided to leave his post to fight for the freedom of his people.

When the Antigua Trades and Labour Union (ATLU) was formed in 1939, Bird was an executive member. By 1943 he had become president of the union and was leading a battle for better working conditions and increased pay against the white sugar barons. The union entered electoral politics for the first time in 1946 and Bird won, in a by-election, a seat in the legislature and was appointed a member of the Executive Council.

When universal adult suffrage was introduced here in 1951, the ATLU, under the banner of the Antigua Labour Party, won all seats in the legislature, a feat it repeated until 1967, making Antigua a country with a multi-party system but with freely voted one-party control. The ministerial system was introduced in 1956 and the Governor gave Bird the trade and production portfolio, and when further constitutional advancement came in 1960, he was named Chief Minister.

In 1967, Antigua became the first Eastern Caribbean island to receive the associated statehood constitution from Britain that gave internal self-government but with London remaining responsible for foreign policy and defence.

Bird, radical in his younger days, had been shifting to the right, and in the face of severe social unrest that forced a split in the ATLU in 1967 and rioting in 1968, the ATLU lost its tight hold of Antigua and Barbuda politics. Out of the split, the Antigua Workers Union was formed and later the Progressive Labour Movement (PLM), and Bird decided to resign because he felt it was not right to hold both positions.

In 1968 the PLM won four seats in a by-election and by 1971 Bird was out of power, having not only lost the government to the PLM but also the parliamentary seat he had held for 25 years. A former Lieutenant, the PLM's George Walter, became the island's new premier.

Bird's political exile was to last for only five years and by 1976, he regained the government, having campaigned against independence on the grounds that Antigua was not yet psychologically ready. He won the election again in 1980, this time with independence being a major campaign plank. With his powerful family, he ruled Antigua and Barbuda up to 1994, when he quit politics, having paved the way for one of his sons, Lester, to take over as prime minister.

Chief Minister of Antigua from 1 January 1960 to 27 February 1967
Premier of Antigua from 27 February 1967 to 14 February 1971
Premier of Antigua from 1 February 1976 to 1 November 1981
Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1 November 1981 to 9 March 1994.

Criticism and praise

A common criticism from the Antiguan public is the corruption and cronyism within the Labour Party, with many claiming the government is essentially a "family business" with the continuance of the Bird dynasty in control of political power as unquestioned.

Bird's supporters reject these accusations and say that his actions were justified to throw off the institution of colonial sugar planters and the British colonial overlords. The Antiguan author Jamaica Kincaid compared the Bird government to the François Duvalier dictatorship in Haiti in her politically charged narrative A Small Place.

Bird was a member of an elite group of militant trade unionists who blazed a trail through colonial times up to or near the political independence of the Caribbean countries. The group included Alexander Bustamante and Norman Manley of Jamaica, Robert Bradshaw of St Kitts and Nevis, Grantley Adams of Barbados, Cheddi Jagan of Guyana, Ebenezer Joshua of St Vincent and the Grenadines and Eric Gairy of Grenada. Bird was among the early organizers of labour in colonial Antigua and Barbuda of the 1930s and 1940s. His biggest battles were fought in the sugar industry, where he achieved better wages for workers and recognition of the right of workers to have annual holidays with pay.

Bird, an imposing figure (standing at 7 feet tall) even in his last years, was astute enough to recognise that those benefits would be limited as long as the big landowners held control of the government. Therefore, he actively encouraged the top executive of his union – the Antigua Trades and Labour Union – to run for legislative office. He agitated for a change in the qualification of candidates for the parliamentary elections since up to that time, only property owners could run for election.

Bird won a seat to parliament in the late 1940s and his party went on to dominate electoral politics in Antigua and Barbuda for several years. He was eventually to lead the islands into political independence from Britain. Bird left his mark on the labour movement, education and the Caribbean integration movement. One of Bird's dreams was a Caribbean that was united politically and economically. Bird ardently supported the West Indies Federation and when that collapsed in 1962, negotiated hard for a federation of the "Little Eight" countries.

In 1965, together with premiers Errol Barrow of Barbados and Forbes Burnham of Guyana, Bird brought the Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) into being. That Association later led to the Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom), comprising 12 of the English-speaking Caribbean countries, two more than were members of the West Indies Federation.

On 1 November 1981, he became the first Prime minister of Antigua and Barbuda. Since then, in a rare case in modern-day Caribbean politics, he led his party to an election victory in 1984 in which the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) won all the Antiguan seats in the Legislature.

Awards

In 1994, Bird was made a Knight of the Order of the National Hero (KNH) by his native country Antigua and Barbuda.^[3]

Death

Bird died in St. John's at 6:58pm on 28 June 1999, aged 88.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b Who's who in the World. Marquis Who's Who. 1990. ISBN 9780837911106.
^ "Caribbean Elections Biography | Vere Cornwall Bird Sr". Archived from the original on 7 December 2011.
^ "Sir Lester Bird receives A&B's highest national honour". The Daily Observer. 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
^ "Caribbean Elections Biography | Vere Cornwall Bird Sr". 24 March 2023. Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 5 November 2023.

External links

Political offices
Preceded by Position created	Chief Minister of Antigua, Premier of Antigua 1960–1971	Succeeded by George Walter
Preceded by Position created	Finance Minister of Antigua and Barbuda 1960-1971	Succeeded by George Walter
Preceded by George Walter	Premier of Antigua, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda 1976–1994	Succeeded by Lester Bird
Preceded by John Eugene St. Luce	Finance Minister of Antigua and Barbuda 1982	Succeeded by John Eugene St. Luce
Preceded by Lester Bird	Foreign Minister of Antigua and Barbuda 1991	Succeeded by Lester Bird