The University History Museum of the University of Pavia (Italian: Museo per la Storia dell'Università) is a museum displaying memorabilia related to the history of the university, particularly in the fields of physics and medicine, when students were taught by prominent scholars such as Antonio Scarpa and Camillo Golgi or the physicist Alessandro Volta.
The origin of the museum could be traced back to the end of the 18th century during the age of enlightenment era, when empress Maria Theresa of Austria ordered the reformation of the university teachings and structures. A Teaching Plan (Italian: Piano Didattico) and a Scientific Plan (Italian: Piano Scientifico) were approved by the Magistrate of the General Studies in 1771 and 1773, respectively. These plans regulated students' access to faculties and encouraged initiatives to invite prominent scholars to teach in the university. For this purpose, new structures were created — library, anatomical theater, physics theater, natural history museum, chemistry laboratory, botanical garden and cabinets anatomy and experimental physics.[1] In 1783, when Antonio Scarpa took up his chair in Pavia, he ordered a construction of a modern anatomy theatre where performed dissections could be witnessed by others. The museum was set up next to this theatre.
In 1929, after an exhibition in Florence which displayed some artifacts from the university's collection, the university decided to open its own museum of history. In 1932, the museum was founded to accommodate the items which were kept in the Palazzo Botta Adorno, on the exhibition on the first anniversary of the death of Antonio Scarpa, founder of the Anatomical School of Pavia. The exhibition was organized by Antonio Pensa, president of the Fourth National Congress of Anatomy and Professor of Human Anatomy at the University of Pavia. It revolved around the collection of items from Antonio Scarpa — autographs and writings, anatomical preparations by Scarpa and other anatomists as Giacomo Rezia and Bartolomeo Panizza, which were preserved in the Anatomical Museum for a century until it was moved to Palazzo Botta Adorno in 1902.[2]
Ancient instruments for the study of Physics (18th-19th century).
The current museum was officially opened in 1936 and gradually expanded over the years, thanks to donations from the heirs of Golgi,[3] which included his manuscripts, notes for lectures and especially, the original certificate of the Nobel Prize he won in 1906. During the war, the museum was closed in order to keep the collections safe, but after 1945, it was reopened and new items were continued to be added to its collections.
In addition to anatomical preparations, physics and surgical instruments as well as documents related to the history of the university,[4] the museum also has many memorabilia which are not normally shown to the public due to space constraints. These items — documents and writings such as the autographs of Volta, Foscolo, Monti, Spallanzani, Moscati, Golgi, Oehl, Brugnatelli, Romagnosi, Cairoli and many others who had contributed to the history of the university — are displayed on rotation or by request.[2]
The origin of the physics collection dates back to the old Physics Laboratory, founded in 1771 during the reformation by Maria Theresa. The Physics Theater (now Aula Volta) and a tower for meteorological observations were subsequently annexed to the museum. In 1778, Alessandro Volta was appointed as a professor of Experimental Physics and he had been slowly adding numerous instruments purchased during his European travels to the collection. He also added instruments which he had conceived and created with the help of skilled artisans.
Many tools were used by Volta during public exhibitions, held twice a week from December to June. In addition to the students (whom he taught daily), numerous spectators (...usually more than 200, according to his writing, Opere, Appendice XXII). The collection was enriched by Giuseppe Belli (museum director from 1842 to 1860) with his own instruments, and by Giovanni Cantoni (museum from 1860 to 1893).[5] An inventory drawn up shortly after his death described more than 2,000 pieces of instruments. Unfortunately, some of these instruments were either destroyed in the fire at the exhibition pavilion in 1899 at Como, during the centennial celebration of the collection or were lost in removals over the years, the last of which was due to the Second World War. The remaining 1,000 pieces were now kept in this section.
This section is divided into two rooms — Gabinetto di Volta, which was inaugurated on March 20, 1999 during the bicentennial celebration of the collection, and Gabinetto di Fisica dell'Ottocento.
This section hosts a number of instruments used by Volta's successors while occupying the Physics chair.[9] There are more than 600 instruments, some of them are unique. Giuseppe Belli added many instruments to the collection, many were his own, including an electrostatic induction generator, a magneto-electric motor, a modified Bohnenberger electrometer and an electrostatic generator. This massive collection were further expanded by his successors, Giovanni Cantoni and others who followed after him.
The medical section is divided into three rooms named after distinguished medical scholars who taught in Pavia — anatomist Antonio Scarpa, pathologist and surgeon Luigi Porta and histologist and pathologist Camillo Golgi. These memorabilia were a part of Cabinet Anatomy which was hosted by the old Anatomical Museum. The collection was started by Giacomo Rezia, then by Antonio Scarpa, Bartolomeo Panizza and Giovani Zoja.[12] This section hosts a collection of anatomical and histological specimens, as well as instruments used by anatomists who have taught in the university on shelves built by Scarpa himself in the 18th century.[13]
Skull specimens used by Luigi Porta for rhinoplasty experiments
Sala Porta
This section mainly displays memorabilia related to Luigi Porta and his works in the university. Specimens, handwritten documents and drawings related to his work on the pathological changes in the arteries after ligation or compressions —which became the origin of vascular surgery, are part of this collection.
Specimens of vessels and ligatures, as well as more than 800 pathology cards are also on display. Other memorabilia include a series of skulls specimens which Luigi Porta performed his rhinoplasty experiments on during the 1840s.[14]
Other memorabilia of interest include handwritten documents and illustrations of cells, kidneys, his studies on malaria as well as some manuscripts and notes which he used for his general pathology lectures.
This section also displays the medical instruments used by Edoardo Porro to perform his first hysterectomy on 21 May 1876[17] and the anatomical specimens of the parts which he had removed.
Sala Scarpa
This section mainly contains memorabilia related to Antonio Scarpa and his work in the university. This collection contains many of his printed publications such as those of the inner ear, nerves of the heart, olfactory nerve and the anatomy of inguinal hernia. The anatomical preparations and drawings prepared for demonstration of nasopalatine and olfactory nerves were exhibited at International Congress of Anatomy in Paris in 1781.[18]
There are a number of anatomical and histological samples, most of which were dissected during autopsy and prepared by Antonio Scarpa and his pupils. These samples were taken from patients who died at Policlinico San Matteo at the time. Each sample represented certain diseases and helped develop our understanding of physiology, the study of the function of the human body.[19]
The collection also includes Antonio Scarpa's dismembered head,[24][25] both his kidneys and four of his fingers with blackened nails, all meticulously preserved. Other anatomical samples include the aneurysm that killed mathematician Vincenzo Brunacci in 1818 and the bladder of naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani, who died of kidney cancer in 1799. Scarpa's chair[26] and ivory surgical dissection instruments donated by Joseph II in 1786 are also part of the museum's collection. Other memorabilia include a number of fetal skeletons from post-natal deaths as well drawings, histological samples by Bartolomeo Panizza and a collection of surgery tools used by Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla, which were listed in his manuscript "Instrumentarium Chirurgicum Militare Austriacum".[18]
^Calligaro, A.; Calligaro, A. L. (August 1999). "The Museum for the History of the University of Pavia and the birth of histology". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 8 (2): 106–112. doi:10.1076/jhin.8.2.106.1842. ISSN0964-704X. PMID11624291.
