United Right (Poland)

United Right
Zjednoczona Prawica
AbbreviationZP
LeaderJarosław Kaczyński
Founded11 July 2014; 10 years ago (2014-07-11)
Ideology
Political positionRight-wing
Factions:
Centre-right to far-right
European Parliament groupEuropean Conservatives and Reformists
ColoursBlue, Red
Sejm
190 / 460
Senate
34 / 100
European Parliament
20 / 53
Regional assemblies
234 / 552
City Presidents
4 / 107
Voivodes
0 / 16
Voivodeship Marshals
4 / 16

The United Right (Polish: Zjednoczona Prawica [zjɛd.nɔˈt͡ʂɔ.na praˈvi.t͡sa], initially Fair Poland, Polish: Sprawiedliwa Polska) was a parliamentary group formed by Jarosław Gowin and Zbigniew Ziobro with their respective parties, Poland Together and United Poland. After their cooperation at 2015 Polish parliamentary election with the Law and Justice party, 'United Right' became a media label for the then-ruling right-wing political alliance of Law and Justice with its aforementioned partners in Poland.[1]

History

Creation

The alliance was formed in 2014.[2] The alliance initially took the form of a parliamentary club in the Sejm called Just Poland (alternatively translated as Fair Poland; Polish: Sprawiedliwa Polska) formed by politicians of Poland Together and United Poland.[3] They then agreed to co-operate with the Law and Justice party (the Piast Faction were already incorporated with them) and joined Law and Justice's parliamentary club and electoral lists that same year, in time for the 2014 local elections and the 2015 parliamentary elections.[4]

Ascent to power

The alliance was in power from the 2015 elections to their defeat in the 2023 elections. It was opposed by the Civic Coalition, led by Civic Platform, since 2018.[5][6]

Throughout the parliamentary term the coalition expanded its absolute majority by crossers of the floor from Polish People's Party, Civic Platform, Modern and Kukiz'15. A major factor was when in 2017, Poland Together merged with individual centre-right orientated defectors from The Republican Association, Civic Platform, Liberty, Law and Justice, Christian National Union, Polish People's Party and Kukiz'15 to form the Agreement Party centred around the leadership of Jarosław Gowin.[7] In 2018, Free and Solidarity, a splinter group of Kukiz'15, joined the coalition.[8] Its candidate for the 2018 Warsaw election was Patryk Jaki.[9]

Internal disputes

In the 2019 parliamentary election the alliance gained more votes, but due to appearance of the Confederation and The Left in Sejm and cooperation between the Civic Coalition, The Left, and the Polish Coalition in the Senate, it failed to increase its majority in Sejm and even lost their majority in the Senate.

In 2020 and 2021, the alliance has been affected by actions of rebellious MPs. This was in part caused by the results of 2019 parliamentary elections, whereby the Law and Justice representation was reduced to 199 MPs, whilst United Poland and Agreement increased their tallies to 18 MPs each. This led to the notion that it is enough for just some MPs in one of constituent parties (and not the whole party) to rebel and bring down the government. Inter-party rebellion occurred on several occasions, although never managing to dissolve the alliance or bring down the government.

The first such instances were during the preparations to the 2020 presidential election. The Agreement Party did not support the Law and Justice proposal on postal voting in these elections. A second crucial instance was when the near-total abortion ban was drafted, initiated by United Poland, but initially provoking some scepticism in the Law and Justice and the Agreement parties. The third major rift was during the proposed changes to animal rights' which sought to ban animal breeding for fur production and energy policies which proposed speeding up the reduction of coal production and the sudden suspension of the Ostrołęka power plant construction. Law and Justice had proposed the opposite policies in their election manifestos, but due to pressure from the leader of the party, Jarosław Kaczyński, and the European Commission, the policies were changed.[10][11]

Major reshuffling and loss of absolute majority in Sejm

On 20 June 2021, the reactivation of the congress of the Republicans took place, with some Agreement members joining the Republican association and restructuring it into a party. The newly formed party subsequently joined the governing coalition as a full member. In response, the Law and Justice chairman Jarosław Kaczyński made a speech praising the new reformed party.[12]

After Jarosław Gowin's scepticism with the "Polish Deal" proposal (an economic recovery plan for countering the COVID-19 recession in Poland) and media law changes that would have affected a major foreign owned news channel TVN24, Gowin was publicly removed from his position as deputy prime minister, resulting in a realignment of the composition of the coalition.[13] As result, Adam Bielan's "Agreement rebels" new party joined the coalition as replacements. The remaining Kukiz '15 MP's led by Paweł Kukiz declared their support for the ruling coalition by signing a confidence and supply agreement without formally joining the government.[14]

After this, coalition lost its majority in Sejm, which it enjoyed since 2015 parliamentary election.[15] On 3 September 2021, five more former Agreement MPs decided to continue their support of Law and Justice government after the remainder of the party went into opposition, creating the Renew PR political party under the leadership of Marcin Ociepa.[16] The other four MPs were Andrzej Gut-Mostowy, Wojciech Murdzek, Grzegorz Piechowiak and Anna Dąbrowska-Banaszek.[17]

Further internal disputes

In April 2022 it was noted that SP, most notably its leader Zbigniew Ziobro,[18] and PiS were in a major dispute regarding the dissolution of the Supreme Court Disciplinary Chamber and repealing the law concerning the matter, a focal point of an ongoing constitutional crisis.[18]

The proposal was made by the president Andrzej Duda, noting a complete u-turn on the subject.[19] The escalation of the dispute was further noted by accusatory statements between Ziobro and Ryszard Terlecki,[19] leading the former to call the situation a "real pâté" (Polish idiom equivalent of a sticky wicket).[19]

On 22 June 2022, Andrzej Sośnierz was thrown out of the Agreement Party after his parliamentary group "Polish Affairs" (Polish: Polskie Sprawy) signed an agreement with Law and Justice.[20] Sośnierz, along with the leader of the group Agnieszka Ścigaj (who was appointed Minister without portfolio) confirmed their participation in the coalition as independent MPs, with Paweł Szramka leaving the group.[21]

Loss of Power

After the 2023 parliamentary election, the United Right won a plurality of seats but fell short of a Sejm majority. The opposition, consisting of the Civic Coalition, Third Way, and The Left achieved a combined vote total of 54% and formed a coalition government.[22][23] In the Senate, the opposition electoral alliance Senate Pact 2023 won a plurality of the vote and a majority of seats. Turnout was 74.4%, the highest in contested elections and the highest since the fall of the Polish People's Republic, beating the previous records set in 1989 and 2019.

On 6 November, Duda named Law and Justice's incumbent prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki as his prime ministerial nominee.[24] This move was criticized by the opposition, as no party that would allow PiS to reach a majority agreed to join them for coalition talks.[25] On 13 November, the newly elected Sejm held its first session. Szymon Hołownia, leader of Poland 2050, was elected Marshal of the Sejm, winning over the incumbent Elżbieta Witek of PiS.[26] Later that day, on the first meeting of the Senate, former Marshal of the Sejm Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska of Civic Coalition was elected Marshal of the Senate.[27]

On 11 December, Mateusz Morawiecki's caretaker cabinet lost a vote of no confidence in the Sejm by 190 votes to 266.[28][29] Later that day, the Sejm nominated Donald Tusk for prime minister, who was subsequently confirmed by 248 votes in favour and 201 against.[30] Tusk's cabinet was sworn in at 9:13 CET on 13 December.

Law and Justice has won 2024 local elections and then has lost the European election in the same year.

After the 2023 loss of power the Republicans party was merged into the Law and Justice.[31] After that, talks about potential name changing and unification with Sovereign Poland has begun.[32][33][34][35]

Sovereign Poland merged with Law and Justice on 12 October 2024 during PiS congress in Przysucha,[36] despite concerns from some high-ranking members of both parties.[37][38]

Ideology and factions

Law and Justice is generally a right-wing coalition,[39] with strong far-right (focused around Sovereign Poland or politicians as Beata Szydło or Antoni Macierewicz) and small centre-right factions (like Renewal of the Republic of Poland and formerly Piast Faction and Agreement parties).[40][41][42][43][44] The United Right coalition has been described as solidarist,[45] and fiscally statist.[46][47][48] It previously used to include a paternalistic conservative faction.[49][50][51]

Order of the Centre Agreement is the unofficial name of the most influential, although not the most numerous faction of PiS. Its leader is Jarosław Kaczyński, main members are Joachim Brudziński, Adam Lipiński and Mariusz Błaszczak. It is economically left-wing.[52]

Composition

Current

Name Years Ideology Position Leader MPs Senators MEPs Sejmiks
Law and Justice 2014– National conservatism
Right-wing populism 		Right-wing Jarosław Kaczyński
171 / 460
29 / 100
20 / 53
206 / 552
Renewal of the Republic of Poland 2021– Conservatism Centre-right Marcin Ociepa
5 / 460
0 / 100
0 / 52
3 / 552
Independents (MPs) 2020– N/A N/A N/A
0 / 460
3 / 100
[a]
0 / 52
0 / 552
(President) 2015- N/A N/A Andrzej Duda N/A

Former

Name Years Ideology Position Leader
(at the time) 		Reasons for leaving
Sovereign Poland 2014–2024 Social conservatism
Right-wing populism 		Far-right Zbigniew Ziobro Merged into the Law and Justice
Piast Faction 2014-2024 Agrarianism

Christian democracy

Centre-right Zdzisław Podkański Party disbanded after lack of activity[53]
Poland Together 2014–2017 Liberal conservatism Centre-right Jarosław Gowin Merged into new Agreement party[54]
Right Wing of the Republic 2015–2017 Political Catholicism
Conservatism
Anti-abortion 		Right-wing to
far-right[55][56] 		Marek Jurek Political disagreement[57][58][59]
Republican Party 2017–2019 Political Catholicism
Republicanism 		Right-wing Marek Wróbel Party disbanded[60]
Agreement 2017–2021[61] Liberal conservatism
Economic liberalism 		Centre-right to
right-wing 		Jarosław Gowin Political disagreement[62]
Free and Solidary 2018–2019 Solidarism
Anti-communism 		Right-wing Kornel Morawiecki[b] Disagreements over electoral lists and foreign policy towards Russia. Party disbanded in 2020[63]
The Republicans 2021–2023 National conservatism Right-wing Adam Bielan Merged into the Law and Justice party[31]
Kukiz'15 2021–2023 Conservatism
Right-wing populism 		Centre-right Paweł Kukiz "The desire to abandon party discipline and be independent of PiS"[64]

Election results

The difference between Poland A and B is particularly evident in the voting patterns of the two regions. Since circa 2005, when Poland saw a realignment in its political system, residents of Poland "A" have supported the liberal conservative party Civic Platform (PO). Residents of Poland "B" (excluding Warsaw), on the other hand, tend to support the national conservative Law and Justice party (PiS).

United Right's main support (blue). United Right has seen decreased support in the 2023 Polish parliamentary election. It remains the largest single parliamentary group in the Sejm.

Presidential

Election year Candidate First round Second round Result
Votes % Votes %
2015 Andrzej Duda 5,179,092 34.8 8,630,627 51.6 Won
2020 Supported Andrzej Duda 8,450,513 43.5 10,440,648 51.0 Won

Sejm

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– Government
2015 Jarosław Kaczyński 5,711,687 37.6 (#1)
235 / 460
 Increase78 PiS
2019 8,051,935 43.6 (#1)
235 / 460
 Steady PiS
2023 7,640,854 35.4 (#1)
194 / 460
 Decrease41 KO-PL2050-PSL-NL

European Parliament

Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
2019 Jarosław Kaczyński 6,192,780 45.38 (#1)
27 / 51
 New ECR
2024 4,253,169 36.16 (#2)
20 / 53
 Decrease 7

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Rafał Ambrozik, Grzegorz Bierecki, Michał Seweryński
  2. ^ Prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki's father.

References

  1. ^ Kubala, Paweł (4 July 2017). "Dlaczego Prawica już nie jest zjednoczona z PiS _ Parezja". parezja.pl. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
  2. ^ "Nowa umowa koalicyjna Zjednoczonej Prawicy podpisana". www.gazetaprawna.pl. 28 November 2019.
  3. ^ S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (11 July 2014). ""Sprawiedliwa Polska" - to nowy klub, który powstanie w sejmie". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  4. ^ S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (19 July 2014). "Jarosław Kaczyński podpisał porozumienie ze Zbigniewem Ziobro i Jarosławem Gowinem". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  5. ^ "Zjednoczona Prawica z dwa razy większym poparciem niż PO i Nowoczesna". 4 July 2018.
  6. ^ WPROST.pl (14 April 2018). "PO i Nowoczesna razem do wyborów samorządowych. Powstała Koalicja Obywatelska".
  7. ^ "Polish conservative leader hails new centre-right Alliance party".
  8. ^ "Sondaż: Zjednoczona Prawica traci w badaniach. Zyskuje opozycja". 10 June 2018.
  9. ^ "Patryk Jaki named United Right candidate for Warsaw mayor".
  10. ^ "Farmers protest animal rights bill that is dividing Poland's ruling party". 16 September 2020.
  11. ^ "Polish ruling coalition loses parliamentary majority after MPS quit". 25 June 2021.
  12. ^ "Powstała Partia Republikańska – nowa siła polityczna Adama Bielana. Na sali Jarosław Kaczyński". 20 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  13. ^ "Polish ruling coalition collapses amid media law protests". 10 August 2021.
  14. ^ "PiS podpisało z Kukiz'15 umowę o współpracy programowej". 31 May 2021.
  15. ^ "Poland's ruling coalition collapses after PM fires deputy". euronews. 10 August 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  16. ^ "OdNowa liczy na lokalnych liderów". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 23 December 2021.
  17. ^ "Ociepa: Umowa koalicyjna uzgodniona. "OdNowa RP" będzie czwartym koalicjantem w Zjednoczonej Prawicy". www.gazetaprawna.pl. 28 October 2021.
  18. ^ a b Andrzej Gajcy; Kamil Dziubka (27 April 2022), Kryzys w koalicji rządzącej. Kompromisu między Ziobrą a PiS nie widać (in Polish), onet.pl
  19. ^ a b c Polsat News; PAP (28 April 2022), Iskrzy w koalicji. Ziobro: to nie my stworzyliśmy ten pasztet (in Polish), onet.pl
  20. ^ Onet Media (22 June 2022), Poseł Andrzej Sośnierz wyrzucony z Porozumienia. Za "koalicję z rządem PiS"date=22 June 2022, onet.pl
  21. ^ Paweł Pawlik (22 June 2022), PiS ma nowego partnera. Sośnierz: nie zmieniam zdania o Kaczyńskim, onet.pl
  22. ^ "Opposition wins Polish election, according to exit poll". POLITICO. 15 October 2023. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  23. ^ Picheta, Rob (15 October 2023). "Poland's opposition has path to oust populist ruling party, exit poll shows". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
  24. ^ "Prezydent Andrzej Duda wskazał, komu powierzy misję tworzenia rządu". wiadomosci.onet.pl (in Polish). 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  25. ^ "Prezydent wszystkich Polaków (którzy głosowali na PiS)". wiadomosci.onet.pl (in Polish). 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
  26. ^ Wojciech Kość (13 November 2023). "New broom in Poland's parliament as the opposition takes power". Politico Europe. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  27. ^ "Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska wybrana marszałkiem Senatu". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). 13 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  28. ^ "Polish prime minister loses confidence vote, clearing way for Donald Tusk". Reuters. 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  29. ^ "Donald Tusk nominated as Polish prime minister". BBC. 11 December 2023. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  30. ^ Koper, Anna; Wlodarczak-Semczuk, Anna (11 December 2023). "Donald Tusk appointed Polish PM, setting stage for warmer EU ties". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  31. ^ a b "Zjednoczenie Prawa i Sprawiedliwości z Partią Republikańską". Prawo i Sprawiedliwość - Internetowy Serwis Informacyjny. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  32. ^ "Does PiS party want to change its name?". www.pap.pl. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  33. ^ Wróblewski, Michał (17 June 2024). "PiS połączy się z Suwerenną Polską. "To kwestia czasu". Znamy warunki". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  34. ^ "PiS połączy się z Suwerenną Polską? "To kwestia czasu"". Do Rzeczy (in Polish). 17 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  35. ^ "PiS zmieni nazwę?! Ekspert bezlitośnie: nie będzie, co zbierać". Fakt (in Polish). 4 June 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  36. ^ "PiS wchłonie koalicjanta. "Dogadane"". Business Insider Polska (in Polish). 5 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  37. ^ "Dworczyk: jestem przeciwnikiem połączenia PiS z Suwerenną Polską". TVN24 (in Polish). 30 September 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  38. ^ Długosz, Dominika (21 September 2024). ""Dlaczego im się tak śpieszy?". Suwerenna Polska zaczęła się bać PiS". Newsweek (in Polish). Retrieved 9 October 2024.
  39. ^ "Poland's senior right-wing party moving to govern alone". AP NEWS. 25 April 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  40. ^ Głowacki, Witold (15 December 2017). "Frakcje w PiS. Jarosław Kaczyński, Andrzej Duda, Mateusz Morawiecki... jakie są grupy interesu w PiS?". Portal I.pl.
  41. ^ "W PiS wrze! Za kulisami toczą się wewnętrzne wojenki. Kto z kim się gryzie?". Fakt24.pl. 22 June 2019.
  42. ^ "Wojny PiSowskich frakcji". 3 April 2018.
  43. ^ "Wojna w PiS o wybory prezydenckie. Czy Morawiecki szkodzi Dudzie? [ANALIZA]". Onet Wiadomości. 12 June 2020.
  44. ^ "Wraca wojna Ziobry z Morawieckim. PiS dociśnie pedał gazu [ANALIZA]". Onet Wiadomości. 22 July 2020.
  45. ^ "STAN GRY: Polska zaczyna szczepić w tempie Niemiec, ale do liderów daleko, Gowin: Polityka ma być na lata, dlatego zaproszę opozycję do konsultacji, Zaremba: W PiS silny odruch, lekceważenia nie swoich wyborców, założenia, że dany jest mu na zawsze pakiet kontrolny, Mueller w TP: Szczepienia to też wyścig gospodarczy". 12 January 2021.
  46. ^ "Wyborcza.pl". wyborcza.pl.
  47. ^ "Petru: Muzealny etatyzm PiS". www.rp.pl.
  48. ^ Kowalski, Radosław (20 November 2015). "Ziemkiewicz krytykuje PiS za etatyzm". Nasze Miasto.
  49. ^ "Mateusz Morawiecki: robotnicza myśl socjalistyczna jest głęboko obecna w filozofii Prawa i Sprawiedliwości". Andrzej Turczyn. 22 July 2019.
  50. ^ "Roman Giertych: PiS - partia realnego socjalizmu". TheFad.pl - Polska i Świat. Opinie i komentarze. 1 May 2020.
  51. ^ "Kaczyński: PO to "lewacki ekstremizm". Budka: PiS to "narodowy socjalizm". Kto ma rację? Sprawdzamy". oko.press.
  52. ^ "PiS to nie jest żadna prawica". gazetapl.
  53. ^ "Kilkanaście partii przestanie istnieć. Wśród nich Stronnictwo "Piast" i Rodacy Kamraci". Wprost (in Polish). 29 April 2024. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  54. ^ "Jarosław Gowin przedstawił nazwę nowej partii. Odczytano list prezesa PiS". Wprost (in Polish). 4 November 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  55. ^ Łuniewski, M. (2012). Ruchy eurorealistyczne i eurosceptyczne we współczesnej Polsce. Jagiellonian University
  56. ^ STIFTUNG, I. H. (September 2009). Religia, polityka i równość płci w Polsce. Université Versailles St Quentin-en-Yvelines & University of Warsaw.
  57. ^ "Prawica Rzeczypospolitej apeluje do PiS o "wzajemne realizowanie postanowień umowy" | Prawapolityka.pl". 20 February 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  58. ^ "PiS wykluczył Prawicę Rz. z koalicji. Jest reakcja! – Prawapolityka.pl". 28 August 2018. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  59. ^ Mizera, Radosław. "Rozłam wśród radnych prawicy". radioplus.com.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  60. ^ "Partia Republikańska - Pozycja 3817 - Numer 16/2020 (5906) z 24 stycznia 2020 r. - Internetowy Monitor Sądowy i Gospodarczy". www.imsig.pl. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  61. ^ "Junior partner leaves Poland's ruling coalition". Polish Press Agency. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  62. ^ "To koniec Zjednoczonej Prawicy. Zarząd Porozumienia podjął decyzję - Forsal.pl". forsal.pl. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  63. ^ "Wybory – Wolni i Solidarni". 17 August 2019. Archived from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2024.
  64. ^ "Posłowie Kukiz'15 nie wejdą do klubu parlamentarnego PiS? "Rozmowy trwają"". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 21 June 2024.

Read other articles:

Kerajaan Larantuka

Ilimandiri LarantukaTana NagiLamakéra [1]1600–1904Ibu kotaLarantukaBahasa yang umum digunakanBahasa resmi: Portugis Lainnya: Melayu LarantukaLi'oAgama KatolikPemerintahanMonarkiLorenzo I Sejarah • Didirikan 1600• Dibeli Belanda dari Portugal 1859• Dibubarkan oleh Belanda 1904 Didahului oleh Digantikan oleh krjKerajaan Portugal Hindia Belanda Sekarang bagian dari Indonesia Sunting kotak info • Lihat • BicaraBantuan penggunaan te...

 

 

Dataran dalam Kobaran Api

Dataran dalam Kobaran Api Sampul edisi IndonesiaPengarangJuan RulfoJudul asliEl Llano en Llamas (Spanyol)Penerjemahinto English: George D. Schade; Ilan Stavans; Stephen Beechinorinto French: Gabriel IaculliNegaraMexicoBahasaSpanyol diterjemahkan ke Prancis, Inggris, dan IndonesiaGenrekumpulan cerita pendekPenerbitFondo de Cultura EconómicaTanggal terbit1953Halaman170 ppISBNISBN 978-0-292-70132-8OCLC20956761 Dataran dalam Kobaran Api (Spanyol: El Llano in flamescode: es is deprecate...

 

 

محمد جمال (لاعب كرة قدم مواليد 1998)

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يناير 2022)   لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع محمد جمال (توضيح). محمد جمال معلومات شخصية الاسم الكامل محمد جمال بلال البلوشي الميلاد 25 سبتمبر 1998 (العمر 25 سنة)الإمارات الطول 1.67 م ...

تشانو (أورن)

هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (سبتمبر 2021) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة...

 

 

Isaac van Hoornbeek

Isaac van Hoornbeek. Isaäc van Hoornbeek (9 December 1655 – 17 June 1727) was Grand Pensionary of Holland, the political official of the entire Dutch Republic, from 12 September 1720 until his death in 1727. Hoornbeek was born in Leiden. He served as pensionary of Rotterdam before 1720. He died, aged 71, in The Hague. References Extensive biography from the Dutch National Archives (in Dutch). Political offices Preceded byAnthonie Heinsius Grand Pensionary of Holland 1720–172...

 

 

Florence and the Machine

English indie rock band Florence and the MachineFlorence and the Machine performing live at KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas in Inglewood, California, 2018Background informationOriginLondon, EnglandGenresIndie rockindie popbaroque popart popneo soulfolkYears active2007–presentLabelsMoshi MoshiIamsoundIslandRepublicUniversal RepublicVirgin EMIPolydorMembers Florence Welch Isabella Summers Robert Ackroyd Tom Monger Cyrus Bayandor Aku Orraca-Tetteh Dionne Douglas Loren Humphrey Past members Sam ...

Nicki Hunter

Nicki HunterHunter, Januari 2010Lahir19 Desember 1979 (umur 44)[1]Lake Worth, Florida, A.S[1]Nama lainNikk Hunter, Nikki, Nikki Hunter, Nicky Hunter, Nickie Hunter & Nicki[1]Suami/istriJason Horne[2]Anak2 Nicki Hunter (lahir 19 Desember 1979)[1] adalah mantan aktris porno, sutradara, produser, artis tata rias, penyiar radio, asal Amerika Serikat.[3] Referensi ^ a b c d e Nicki Hunter di Internet Adult Film Database ^ Mike Ramone (...

 

 

Holbæk

Town in northern Zealand, Denmark You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Danish. (January 2023) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate t...

 

 

Albert Allen Bartlett

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Bartlett. Albert Allen BartlettAlbert Allen BartlettBiographieNaissance 21 mars 1923ShanghaiDécès 7 septembre 2013 (à 90 ans)BoulderNationalité AméricainDomicile États-UnisFormation Université Harvard (doctorat) (jusqu'en 1951)Université Colgate (baccalauréat universitaire)Activités Physicien, professeur d'universitéAutres informationsA travaillé pour Université du Colorado à BoulderMembre de Société américaine de physiqueAssociation am...

Harpsund

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (août 2017). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Com...

 

 

乌克兰总理

 烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/（英文） 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表（英语：Representatives of the President of Ukraine） 总...

 

 

Renata Mauro

Italian television presenter Renata MauroMauro in 1968BornRenata Maraolo(1934-05-17)17 May 1934Milan, Lombardy, ItalyDied28 March 2009(2009-03-28) (aged 74)Biella, Piedmont, ItalyOccupationsTelevision presenteractresssingerEmployerRAIKnown forHosting Jeux Sans Frontières and the Eurovision Song Contest 1965 Renata Mauro (born Renata Maraolo; 17 May 1934 – 28 March 2009) was an Italian singer, actress and television presenter for RAI, the Italian state broadcaster. She became ...

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US MIT redirects here. For other uses, see MIT (disambiguation). Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMottoMens et Manus (Latin)Motto in EnglishMind and Hand[1]TypePrivate land-grant research universityEstablishedApril 10, 1861; 163 years ago (1861-04-10)FounderWilliam Barton RogersAccreditationNECHEAcademic affiliationsAAUAITUCOFHENAICU[2]URASea grantSpace grantEndowment$23.5 billion (2023)[3]Chanc...

 

 

История Российской империи

Запрос «Провозглашение Российской империи» перенаправляется сюда. На эту тему нужно создать отдельную статью. Основные статьи: История России и Российская империя См. также: Формирование территории Российской империи История Российской империи — часть истории Росс...

 

 

Henry Thomas Colebrooke

Patung Henry Thomas Colebrooke yang dimiliki oleh The Royal Asiatic Society Henry Thomas Colebrooke adalah seorang ahli ilmu oriental yang lahir pada tanggal 15 Juni 1765 di London dan meninggal di tempat yang sama pada bulan Maret 1837.[1][2] Dia adalah putra dari Sir George Colebrook yang pada tahun 1765 diutus menjadi kepala bagian dirketur dari The EastIndia Company. Pendidikan awalnya ia tempuh bersama dengan seorang guru pribadi.[1][2] Pada tahun 1782, ia...

Haute École provinciale de Hainaut Condorcet

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne s'appuie pas, ou pas assez, sur des sources secondaires ou tertiaires (octobre 2014). Pour améliorer la vérifiabilité de l'article ainsi que son intérêt encyclopédique, il est nécessaire, quand des sources primaires sont citées, de les associer à des analyses faites par des sources secondaires. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article con...

 

 

Кочергин, Эдуард Степанович

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Кочергин. Эдуард Степанович Кочергин Дата рождения 22 сентября 1937(1937-09-22)[1] (86 лет) Место рождения Ленинград, РСФСР, СССР Страна  СССР Россия Род деятельности художник, писатель, сценограф, теат...

 

 

Gugel

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Artikel ini bukan mengenai Google. Gugel Gugel adalah sejenis tudung kepala dengan bagian belakang yang menjuntai. Busana ini populer di Jerman abad pertengahan. Keterangan Gugel dibuat secara khusus agar pas dengan kepala dan bahu, dan biasanya terbua...

Ahmed El Messaoudi

Questa voce sugli argomenti calciatori belgi e calciatori marocchini è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Ahmed El MessaoudiNazionalità Marocco Altezza184 cm Calcio RuoloDifensore Squadra Tobyl CarrieraGiovanili  Lierse Squadre di club1 2013-2015 Lierse41 (0)[1]2015-2016→  Standard Liegi1 (0)2016-2018 Malines47 (0)[2]2018-2019→  Fo...

 

 

Rascals (Star Trek: The Next Generation)

7th episode of the 6th season of Star Trek: The Next Generation RascalsStar Trek: The Next Generation episodeTwelve-year-old versions of Keiko, Picard, Guinan and Ro on the transporter padEpisode no.Season 6Episode 7Directed byAdam NimoyStory byWard Botsford Diana Dru Botsford Michael PillerTeleplay byAlison HockFeatured musicDennis McCarthyProduction code233Original air dateOctober 30, 1992 (1992-10-30)Guest appearances Colm Meaney – Miles O'Brien Rosalind Chao – Kei...