Union of Hungary and Poland

Union of Hungary and Poland
Unia polsko-węgierska (Polish)
Magyar–lengyel perszonálunió (Hungarian)
StatusPersonal union
CapitalKraków and Visegrád (1370–1382)/Buda (1440–1444)
Religion
Catholicism
King 
• 1370–1382
Louis I of Hungary
• 1440–1444
Władysław III of Poland
Historical eraLate Middle Ages
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary
Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Hungary

Personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Kingdom of Poland was achieved twice: under Louis I of Hungary, in 1370–1382, and under Władysław III of Poland in 1440–1444. An earlier union was also accomplished by Wenceslaus III of Bohemia for a few months in 1305, although he was heavily resisted by local nobles in both kingdoms, and gave up the Hungarian crown soon after.

Angevin union

Coronation of Louis I of Hungary as King of Poland, 19th-century depiction
United kingdoms of Poland and Hungary (red) under Louis I

The first union came about when the last Piast king of Poland, Casimir III, designated his sororal nephew, the Angevin king Louis I of Hungary, as his heir presumptive by the Privilege of Buda. Upon the death of Casimir, who left no legitimate sons, Louis ascended the Polish throne virtually unopposed. The Polish nobility welcomed his accession, rightly believing that Louis would be an absentee king who would not take much interest in Polish affairs. He sent his mother Elizabeth, sister of Casimir III, to govern Poland as regent.[1][page needed] Louis probably considered himself first and foremost king of Hungary; he visited his northern kingdom three times and spent there a couple of months altogether. Negotiations with the Polish nobility frequently took place in Hungary. Hungarians themselves were unpopular in Poland, as was the king's Polish mother who governed the kingdom. In 1376, circa 160 Hungarians in her retinue were massacred in Kraków and the queen returned to Hungary disgraced.[2] Louis replaced her with their relative, Vladislaus II of Opole.[2]

During Romanticism, Hungarian historians portrayed the union as an annexation of Poland into Hungary. In 1845, Sándor Petőfi wrote that "the falling stars of the north, the east and the south were all extinguished in Hungarian seas". In reality, Poland's independence remained largely uncompromised. King Louis saw to it that Hungarian influence in Poland was not greater than Polish influence in Hungary.[2]

Medieval Hungarian-Polish trade reached its peak during the union.[3]

The union fell apart after Louis died in 1382. The dissatisfied Polish szlachta demanded that his successor in Hungary, Mary, move to Kraków and reign over Hungary and Poland from there. Mary's mother, Elizabeth of Bosnia (widow of Louis and grandniece of Casimir III's father, Vladislaus I), knew that the lack of supporters would render her influence at least as restricted as that of her mother-in-law and refused to move.[2] She abandoned the idea of attempting to subdue the Polish nobility by force and agreed to send her younger surviving daughter, Hedwig, to be crowned as Louis' successor in Poland. The union had lasted little more than a decade and ended as peacefully as it had started.[2]

Jagiellonian union

Coin of Władysław III of Poland and Hungary with the Polish-Hungarian coat of arms

By the end of the century, Louis had no descendants. Both Mary and Hedwig had died, the former heavily pregnant and the latter soon after giving birth to a short-lived daughter. In 1440, Vladislaus III of Poland, son of Hedwig's widower and successor Władysław II Jagiełło, was elected king of Hungary. The election was fiercely disputed by Elizabeth of Luxembourg, daughter of Mary's widower and successor Sigismund. A two-year civil war ensued, ending upon Elizabeth's death in 1442. Vladislaus' own death in battle in 1444 ended the union.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadzki, Hubert (2006). A Concise History of Poland (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521618571. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Engel, Pál (2005). Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary 895–1526. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781850439776. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  3. ^ Rutkowski, Jan (1923). Zarys gospodarczych dziejów Polski w czasach przedrozbiorowych (in Polish). Poznań. p. 78.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Read other articles:

American composer, conductor, and pianist (born 1932) This article is about the composer. For other people named John Williams, see John Williams (disambiguation). John WilliamsWilliams in 2011, conducting the Boston Pops OrchestraBornJohn Towner Williams (1932-02-08) February 8, 1932 (age 91)New York City, U.S.OccupationsComposerconductorpianistYears active1952–presentWorksList of compositionsSpouses Barbara Ruick ​ ​(m. 1956; died 1974)&...

Bike BoyzPoster filmSutradara Aris Nugraha Produser Chand Parwez Servia Fiaz Servia Ditulis oleh Aris Nugraha PemeranGariz LuizAep BancetDaisy BrataBirgi PutriAline ManzaDamar RMAndi JosalimPenata musikDanny SupitSinematograferGunung Nusa PelitaPenyuntingIchsan JWPerusahaanproduksiStarvision PlusANP FilmsDistributorStarvision PlusTanggal rilis14 November 2019Durasi95 menitNegara IndonesiaBahasa Indonesia PendapatankotorRp 970 juta Bike Boyz adalah sebuah film Indonesia yang dirilis pada...

Building in Manhattan, New York 122 East 23rd StreetGeneral informationTypeMixed-useCoordinates40°44′22″N 73°59′08″W / 40.739350°N 73.985493°W / 40.739350; -73.985493Technical detailsFloor count18Floor area275,387 square feet (25,584.3 m2)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Rem Koolhaas 121 East 22nd (also 122 East 23rd Street) is a building in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Developed by American company Toll Brothers, it ...

American animator and producer (1901–1966) For other uses, see Walt Disney (disambiguation). Walt DisneyDisney in 1946BornWalter Elias Disney(1901-12-05)December 5, 1901Chicago, Illinois, U.S.DiedDecember 15, 1966(1966-12-15) (aged 65)Burbank, California, U.S.Burial placeForest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, CaliforniaOccupations Animator film producer voice actor entrepreneur TitlePresident of The Walt Disney Company[1]Spouse Lillian Bounds ​(m. 1925)R...

English lawyer and politician (1731-1783) The Right HonourableThe Lord AshburtonPCJohn Dunning (later 1st Baron Ashburton), detail from an engraving of a 1782 group portrait by Sir Joshua ReynoldsChancellor of the Duchy of LancasterIn office1782–1783Preceded byThe Earl of ClarendonSucceeded byThe Earl of DerbySolicitor General for England and WalesIn office1768–1770Preceded byEdward WillesSucceeded byEdward Thurlow Personal detailsBorn18 October 1731Died18 August 1783 (aged 51) John Dunni...

Historic house in Kentucky, United States United States historic placeAshlandU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark The front of the houseShow map of KentuckyShow map of the United StatesLocation120 Sycamore Road Lexington, KentuckyCoordinates38°1′43″N 84°28′48″W / 38.02861°N 84.48000°W / 38.02861; -84.48000Built1811ArchitectBenjamin H. Latrobe; Thomas LewinskiArchitectural styleItalianateNRHP reference No.66...

American tennis player (born 1994) Christian HarrisonHarrison at the 2023 Cary Challenger IICountry (sports) United StatesResidenceBradenton, Florida, USABorn (1994-05-29) May 29, 1994 (age 29)Shreveport, Louisiana, USAHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Turned pro2007PlaysRight-handed (double-handed backhand)CoachPat HarrisonPrize money$630,950SinglesCareer record6–9 (40.0%)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 198 (2 July 2018)Current rankingNo. 346 ...

Football clubCentral Coast United FCFull nameCentral Coast United Football ClubNickname(s)CCU, The PiratesFounded2017GroundPluim Park, LisarowCapacity2,200Technical DirectorsStuart DavisMatt CrowellCoachShannon Cole[1]LeagueNSW League One202316th of 16 (Relegated NSW League Two 2024) Central Coast United FC, is a semi-professional soccer club, based and located on the Central Coast of New South Wales. For the 2024 season, the club's senior teams will compete in the NSW League Two comp...

Peta yang menunjukkan letak San Jose del Monte. Data sensus penduduk diSan Jose del Monte City Tahun Populasi Persentase 1995201.394—2000315.80710.14%2007439.0904.65% San Jose del Monte City adalah kota di provinsi Bulacan, Filipina. Pada tahun 2007, munisipalitas ini memiliki populasi sebesar 439.090 jiwa. Pembagian wilayah Secara politis San Jose del Monte terbagi atas 59 barangay, yaitu: No. Barangay Captain SK Chairman (per 25 Oktober 2010) Distrik Kode pos Populasi01 Mei 2000 Populasi0...

沃伊兹拉瓦-菲奥多拉梅克伦堡-什未林女公爵罗伊斯王妃拍摄于2018年12月,100岁生日出生(1918-12-17)1918年12月17日 魏瑪共和國梅克倫堡-什未林自由邦罗斯托克逝世2019年6月3日(2019歲—06—03)(100歲) 德國黑林山配偶海因里希一世子嗣菲奥多拉公主海因里希八世海因里希九世海因里希十世海因里希十三世海因里希十五世王朝梅克伦堡-什未林王朝罗伊斯王朝父親阿道夫·弗�...

American cable news channel Television channel Newsmax TVLogo as of 2021CountryUnited StatesBroadcast areaNationwideProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to widescreen 480i for SDTVs)OwnershipOwnerNewsmaxKey peopleChristopher Ruddy(CEO and Founder)HistoryLaunchedJune 16, 2014; 9 years ago (2014-06-16)LinksWebcastLive NewsWebsitewww.newsmaxtv.comAvailabilityStreaming mediaService(s)FuboTV, Pluto TV, Sling TV, Xumo, YouTube, Vidgo Newsmax TV is an Am...

Ada usul agar Novena Tiga Salam Maria digabungkan ke artikel ini. (Diskusikan) Diusulkan sejak April 2022. Tiga Salam Maria adalah praktik devosional berdasarkan tradisi Katolik Roma yang berupa pendarasan tiga kali Salam Maria sebagai permohonan untuk memperoleh kemurnian dan keutamaan/kebajikan lainnya. Dianjurkan bahwa devosi ini didoakan setelah bangun tidur pada pagi hari, dan sebelum tidur setelah pemeriksaan batin pada malam hari. Devosi ini direkomendasikan oleh St. Antonius dari Padu...

Publication by the United States Department of Labor Dictionary of Occupational Titles AuthorUnited States Department of LaborSubjectOccupation descriptionsPublished1938–1999Media typePrint, OnlineISBN978-1563700002 (March 1999) The Dictionary of Occupational Titles or D-O-T (DOT) refers to a publication produced by the United States Department of Labor which helped employers, government officials, and workforce development professionals to define over 13,000 different types of work, f...

Mountain near Tokyo Bay Mount Nokogiri鋸山Mount Nokogiri as seen from the northwestHighest pointElevation329.5 m (1,081 ft)ListingList of mountains and hills of Japan by heightCoordinates35°9′37″N 139°50′27″E / 35.16028°N 139.84083°E / 35.16028; 139.84083NamingEnglish translation(wood)saw mountainLanguage of nameJapaneseGeographyLocationHonshu, JapanParent rangeBōsō PeninsulaTopo mapGeographical Survey Institute 25000:1 保田50000:1 横�...

Mayor of New York City from 2014 to 2021 de Blasio redirects here. For others with the name, see de Blasio (surname). Bill de BlasioBlasio in 2019109th Mayor of New York CityIn officeJanuary 1, 2014 – December 31, 2021DeputyAnthony ShorrisDean FuleihanPreceded byMichael BloombergSucceeded byEric Adams3rd Public Advocate of New York CityIn officeJanuary 1, 2010 – December 31, 2013Preceded byBetsy GotbaumSucceeded byLetitia JamesMember of the New York City Councilfrom the ...

Thuật toán Dinitz là một thuật toán thời gian đa thức mạnh cho việc tìm luồng cực đại trên đồ thị luồng, tìm ra năm 1970 bởi nhà nghiên cứu khoa học máy tính người Israel (trước đó ở Liên Xô) Yefim Dinitz.[1] Thuật toán chạy trong thời gian O ( V 2 E ) {\displaystyle O(V^{2}E)} và tương tự như thuật toán Edmonds–Karp, chạy trong thời gian O ( V E 2 ) {\displaystyle O(VE^{2})} , ở chỗ nó cũng dùng đ...

Calcutta, SurinameResortMap showing the resorts of Saramacca District.  CalcuttaNegara SurinameDistrikDistrik SaramaccaLuas • Total1.655 km2 (639 sq mi)Ketinggian4 m (13 ft)Populasi (2012)[1] • Total1.647 • Kepadatan0,00.100/km2 (0,0.026/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC-3 (AST) Calcutta adalah sebuah resort di Suriname, yang terletak di Distrik Saramacca. Dalam sensus 2012, penduduknya berjumlah 1.647 jiwa, dan u...

Government building in Minneapolis This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hennepin County Government Center – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hennepin County Government CenterHennepin County Government Center viewed from t...

Airforce base in India Not to be confused with Sarsawa Airport. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Sarsawa Air Force Station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Sarsawa Air Force StationIATA: noneICAO: VISPSummaryAirpo...

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с такой фамилией, см. Николаев; Николаев, Иван.Иван Фёдорович Николаев Дата рождения 6 мая 1890(1890-05-06) Место рождения Ярославль, Российская империя Дата смерти 18 августа 1944(1944-08-18) (54 года) Место смерти Москва, СССР Принадлежность  ...