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Turkish coup d'état may refer to illegal or constitutional military takeovers or takeover attempts in Turkey. There have been several.

From the founding of the Turkish Republic until 2016, the Turkish military was very involved in Turkish politics. The army was strongly Kemalist and considered one of its roles to be the ultimate guardian of Atatürk's reforms including secularism, and of cooperation with the Western world generally. The Turkish constitutions of 1924, 1961, and 1982 formally specified that the army's role was to protect Turkey against internal as well as external threats. The army was popular and prestigious as the guarantor of the Turkish state and of Turkish multiparty democracy (after its effective establishment following World War II).^[1]

The army first exercised its reserve power in the 1960 Turkish coup d'état. There had been economic stagnation, a perceived rise in political Islam, and in 1960 unrest and protests against the ruling Democrat Party. Some Army officers, saying they feared further unrest and the decline of Kemalism and democracy, staged a successful coup.^[1]

The other successful coup d'états happened in 1971 , 1980 and 1997.^[2]

Turkey was soon returned to civilian rule, but until the failed 2016 coup the army was effectively not under civilian control, and either governed Turkey directly at times or loomed as a threat to the civilian governments that did. Elements of the army staged or attempted several interventions, either coups or ultimatums backed by threat of a coup, to force the state to act more in accordance with the wishes of the army, or that portion of the army staging the intervention. Each coup or threat has been presented as an intervention to restore democratic order, justice, and national unity. Whether or not each coup or threat, or any of them, was justified is subject to debate.^[1]

In 2002, the Justice and Development Party (AK Party) came to power, and party leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan soon became the strongman of Turkey. As well as being most authoritarian, Erdoğan was more pro-Islamist than any previous leader of the Republic. The first showdown came in 2007 with the E-memorandum, when the army hinted another intervention into civilian politics since the AKP government was not doing its best to uphold republicanism and secularism. Erdoğan and the AKP won the political crisis, and in an alliance with the Gülenist movement, purged the military of secularist officers.

In 2016 the army attempted to overthrow the government, though significantly the putschists were not identified as Kemalist officers (the Turkish government claims that Gülenist elements in the army were the instigators). This failed, and Erdoğan conducted another purge of the armed forces, which are no longer considered an independent force in Turkish politics or a threat to the government, and back under civilian control.^[1]^[3]

Turkish coups d'état

Attempts and uprisings

Cases associated with coups

1925: Law on the Maintenance of Order
1926: İzmir plot
1958: Nine Officers Plot [tr]
1961: 21 October Protocol [tr]
1979 Turkish military memorandum [tr]
1993 alleged Turkish military coup
2008–2016 Ergenekon trials
2021 Montreux Declaration, by 103 retired admirals but likened by some to a military memorandum

Ottoman coups d'état

1446: Buçuktepe rebellion
1512: Ascension of Selim I
1589: Beylerbeyi incident
1618: First Deposition of Mustafa I
1622: Regicide of Osman II
1623: Second Deposition of Mustafa I
1648: Regicide of Ibrahim
1687: Deposition of Mehmed IV
1703: Edirne Incident
1730: Patrona Halil rebellion
1807-1808: Ottoman coups of 1807–1808
1826: Auspicious Incident
1859: Kuleli Incident
8 – 11 May 1876 Insurrection
30 May 1876 Ottoman coup d'état
31 August, 1876: Deposition of Murad V
February 1878: Retraction of the Ottoman Constitution
May 1878: Storming of the Çırağan Palace
1881: Yildiz Trials
1895 Sublime Porte memorandum
1896 Ottoman coup d'état attempt
1897 Ottoman Syria plot
1903 Ottoman coup d'état attempt
1908: Young Turk Revolution
1909: 31 March Incident
1912 Ottoman coup d'état
23 January 1913: Raid on the Sublime Porte
25 January 1913 conspiracy
March 1913 conspiracy
June 1913: Ottoman coup d'état attempt
1919: Amasya Protocols
1920: Military Occupation of Istanbul
1920: Retraction of the Ottoman Constitution
1922: Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nil S. Satana (October 18, 2022). "The New Civil-Military Relations in Turkey". Middle East Institute. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
^ "Timeline: Turkish coups". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
^ Ahmed El Amraoui and Faisal Edroos (June 5, 2018). "Why Turkey's military is not what it used to be". Al Jazeera. Retrieved January 17, 2024.

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