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*Tulipa sylvestris* subsp. *australis* with seedpod (right), 1804

The Tulipeae (syn. Tulipoideae) Duby^[1] is a tribe of monocotyledon perennial, herbaceous mainly bulbous flowering plants in the Liliaceae (lily) family. As originally conceived by Duby (1828), "Tulipaceae" was a tribe within Liliaceae, consisting of the genera Tulipa, Fritillaria and Lilium. ^[1]

Description

Herbaceous non-climbing bulbous plants. Bulbs consisting of a single scale. Anthers pseudo-basifixed. fruit consists of a loculicidal capsule, seeds not winged. Tetrasporic embryo-sac formation with 7–8 nuclei. Nucella having a short base. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) non-Clintonia type. Chromosomes large - 2–11 μm (1–6 μm in Gagea). Genome size (3)4–25(70) pg, x = (9)12. Polyploidy common.^[2]

Taxonomy

Tulipeae remained a core group of the Liliaceae, containing the type genus, Lilium for most of its taxonomic history. For instance, Bentham and Hooker (1883),^[3] placed Lilium together with Tulipa and five other genera in Liliaceae tribe Tulipeae.

In the modern era, Takhtadzhi︠an described the tribe as having four genera:^[4]

Tulipa
Amana (considered by some to be included in Tulipa)
Holongia^[a]
Erythronium

Later only Tulipa and Erythronium were included, and Gagea was added. Tulipeae has been variously constructed, chiefly as either a tribe of the subfamily Lilioideae,^[5] or a subfamily of Liliaceae itself (Tulipoideae).^[6] However it has been proposed that Gagea should be in its own tribe, the Lloydieae.^[7]

The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of Tulipeae within Liliaceae are shown in the following Cladogram.

Cladogram: Phylogeny and biogeography of the genera of the Liliaceae

West NA

	Prosartes

	Scoliopus

West NA

Calochortus

Lilioideae* East NA EA

Medeoleae East NA

	Clintonia

	Medeola

Lilieae s.l. EA

Tulipeae East Asia

Tulipa

	Amana

	Erythronium

	Gagea (Lloydia)

Lilieae s.s. Himalayas

Notholirion

Cardiocrinum

	Lilium (Nomocharis)

	Fritillaria

Phylogenetic tree reflecting relationships based on molecular phylogenetic evidence.
*=Liliaceae sensu Tamura; EA=Eurasia NA=North America

Here, Tulipeae is shown as a clade within the broader construction of Lileae (sensu lato), or as a separate biogeographical tribe if the narrow sense of Lileae (sensu stricto) is adopted, with Lileae and Tulipeae as sister groups. The continuing use of Tulipeae as a separate tribe is supported by several authors.^[7]^[2]

Genera

Genera (species)^[2]

Amana Honda (5)
Erythronium L. (15)
Gagea Salisb. (=Lloydia Salisb.) (ca. 300)
Tulipa L. (ca. 150)

Gagea is sister to the other three genera.

Synonyms

Gageeae Rouy, Fl. France 12: 380. 1910.
Lloydieae Buxb., Bot. Arch. 38: 389. 1937.
Tulipoideae Kostel, Allg. Med.-Pharm. Fl. 1: 168. 1831.^[2]

Notes

^ Holongia: A genus only recognised by Takhtadzhi︠an

Bibliography

Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862–1883). "Tulipeae". Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (in Latin). Vol. 3. London: L Reeve & Co. pp. 759–760.
Brands, S.J., ed. (25 April 2017). "Tribe Tulipeae". Systema Naturae 2000. The Taxonomicon. Universal Taxonomic Services. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
Duby, Jean Étienne (April 1828). "Tulipaceae". Botanicon Gallicum; seu, Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum 2 vols. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). pp. 461–463.
F. Buxbaum (1937), "Die Entwicklungslinien der Lilioideae. II. Die systematische Stellung der gattung Gagea", Botanisches Archiv (in German), vol. 38, pp. 305ff
Peruzzi, L.; I. J. Leitch; K.F. Caparelli (2009). "Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae". Annals of Botany. 103 (3): 459–475. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn230. PMC 2707325. PMID 19033282.
Baker, J. G. (1874). "Revision of the Genera and Species of Tulipeae". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. xiv (76): 211–310. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1874.tb00314.x.
Leitch, I. J.; Beaulieu, JM; Cheung, K; Hanson, L; Lysak, MA; Fay, MF (November 2007). "Punctuated genome size evolution in Liliaceae". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 20 (6): 2296–308. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01416.x. PMID 17956392. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
Kim, Jung Sung; Hong, Jeong-Ki; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Kim, Joo-Hwan (May 2013). "Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1111/boj.12039.
Peruzzi, L. (11 January 2016). "A new infrafamilial taxonomic setting for Liliaceae, with a key to genera and tribes". Plant Biosystems. 150 (6): 1341–1347. doi:10.1080/11263504.2015.1115435. S2CID 88042387.
Takhtadzhi︠a︡n, Armen Leonovich (2009). Flowering Plants. Springer. ISBN 978-1402096099.
Watson, Sereno (1879). "Revision of the North American Liliaceae: Descriptions of Some New Species of North American Plants". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. XIV: 213–312. doi:10.2307/25138538. JSTOR 25138538. Retrieved 6 January 2014.