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*Trichoderma cornu-damae*
Mycological characteristics
Trichoderma cornu-damae Mycological characteristics
	Smooth hymenium
	No distinct cap
	Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is yellow to brown
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is deadly

Trichoderma cornu-damae
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Ascomycota
Class:	Sordariomycetes
Order:	Hypocreales
Family:	Hypocreaceae
Genus:	Trichoderma
Species:	T. cornu-damae
Binomial name
	Trichoderma cornu-damae; (Pat.) Z.X.Zhu & W.Y.Zhuang (2014)
Synonyms
	Hypocrea cornu-damae Pat. (1895); Podocrea cornu-damae (Pat.) Sacc. & D.Sacc. (1905); Podostroma cornu-damae (Pat.) Boedijn (1934); Protocrea cornu-damae (Pat.) Sacc. & D.Sacc. (1905);

Trichoderma cornu-damae (Japanese: カエンタケ, Hepburn: kaentake), formerly Podostroma cornu-damae and also known as the poison fire coral,^[5] is a species of fungus in the family Hypocreaceae. The fruit bodies of the fungus are highly toxic, and have been responsible for several fatalities in Japan. The fungus contains several trichothecene mycotoxins.

Taxonomy

The species was originally described as Hypocrea cornu-damae by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1895,^[6] and later transferred to the genus Podocrea in 1905 by Pier Andrea Saccardo.^[7] In 1994 Japanese mycologists Tsuguo Hongo and Masana Izawa placed the species in the genus Podostroma.^[8]

Range

The fungus was once thought to be exclusive to South Korea and Japan, but recent discoveries have been made in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia.^[5]^[9]^[10]

Description

The conidiophores (specialized fungal hyphae that produce conidia) are up to 400 μm high and about 2–4 μm wide in the main axial hyphae. The phialides are arranged in tufts with narrow angles at the top, similar to the branching hyphae found in Trichoderma species. The conidia are roughly spherical with a truncate base in each spore, pale green in color, and measure 2.5–3.5 μm in diameter. Their surfaces are almost smooth, but sometimes appearing very faintly roughened with light microscopy.^[11]

Toxicity

Several poisonings have been reported in Japan resulting from the consumption of the fungus. In 1999, one of a group of five people from Niigata prefecture died two days after consuming one or two grams of fruit body that had been soaked in sake. In 2000, an individual from Gunma prefecture died after eating the fried mushroom. Symptoms associated with consumption in these cases included stomach pains, changes in perception, decrease in the number of leukocytes and thrombocytes, peeling skin on the face, hair loss, and shrinking of the cerebellum, resulting in speech impediment and problems with voluntary movement.^[12] In another instance, an autopsy revealed multiple organ failure, including acute kidney failure, liver necrosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.^[13] In one case of poisoning, the patient suffered from hemophagocytosis, in addition to severe leukocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, seven days after ingesting the fungus. Plasmapheresis and administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor were used to treat the blood abnormalities. The authors suggested that these treatments, in addition to the large volume of administered intravenous saline – 9 liters (2.0 imp gal; 2.4 U.S. gal) over a 12-hour period—were responsible for his successful recovery.^[14]

The poisoning symptoms are similar to those observed previously with animals that had consumed trichothecene mycotoxins. Japanese researchers detected the presence of the macrocyclic trichothecenes satratoxin H, satratoxin H 12′,13′-diacetate, satratoxin H 12′-acetate, and satratoxin H 13′-acetate. When grown in liquid culture the fungus additionally produces roridin E and verrucarin J. With the exception of verrucarin J, a 500-microgram dose of any of these compounds, when injected into the abdomen of mice, will result in their death the following day.^[12] It has been claimed that touching the fungus can cause skin irritation,^[10] but this is controversial.^[15]

References

^ Patouillard & Lagerheim, Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 11(4): 198 (1895)
^ ^a ^b (Pat.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 17: 799 (1905)
^ (Pat.) Boedijn, Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenz, 3 Sér. 13: 274 (1934)
^ "Species Fungorum - Species synonymy". www.speciesfungorum.org. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
^ ^a ^b Smee, Ben (2 October 2019). "Deadly fungus native to Japan and Korea discovered in Australian rainforest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
^ Patouillard, N. T. (1895). "Enumération des Champignons récoltés par les RR. PP. Farges et Soulié, dans le Thibet oriental et le Su-tchuen" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 11: 196–99. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2023.
^ Saccardo PA, Saccardo D (1905). "Supplementum universale. Pars VI. Hymenomycetae-Laboulbeniomycetae". Sylloge Fungorum (in French). 17: 799.
^ "Podostroma cornu-damae (Pat.) Hongo & Izawa 1994". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
^ Mounter, Brendan; Thompson, Jesse (3 October 2019). "Deadly Asian fungus, poisonous to touch, found in Far North Queensland rainforest". ABC News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
^ ^a ^b Burt, Jemima and Mounter, Brendan (19 February 2021) Deadly fungus, poison fire coral, sighted near Cairns, prompting warning for bushwalkers Archived 17 June 2024 at the Wayback Machine ABC News, 2021-02-19.
^ "Revision of the Hypocreales with cultural observations. V. Podostroma giganteum Imai, P. cornu-damae (Pat.) Noedijn and Hypocrea pseudogelatinosa sp. nov". Reports of the Tottori Mycological Institute (Japan). 10: 421–27. 1973.
^ ^a ^b Saikawa Y, Okamoto H, Inui T, Makabe M, Okuno T, Suda T, Hashimoto K, Nakata M (2001). "Toxic principles of a poisonous mushroom Podostroma cornu-damae". Tetrahedron. 57 (39): 8277–81. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)00824-9.
^ Koichi M, Haruo T, Toshihiro Y, Masami O, Sadao N, Koichiro K (2003). "Case report: food poisoning to death by Podostroma cornu-damae, its case history and autopsy findings". Acta Criminologiae et Medicinae Legalis Japonica (in Japanese). 69 (1): 14–20.
^ Suzuki M, Katoh Y, Kumagai H, Saitoh M, Ishikawa H, Itoh H, Shimazu K (2002). "[Successful treatment in a case of Podostroma cornu-damae poisoning, a deadly poisonous mushroom]". Chudoku Kenkyu (in Japanese). 15 (2): 177–82. PMID 12108023.
^ "Fire Coral Fungi | Podostroma cornu-damae". R.J.GRAY ECOLOGY. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2023.