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Transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline ("phen") are coordination complexes containing one or more 1,10-phenanthroline ligands.^[2] Complexes have been described for many transition metals. In almost all complexes, phen serves as a bidentate ligand, binding metal centers with the two nitrogen atoms. Examples include PtCl₂(phen) and [Fe(phen)₃]²⁺.

Homoleptic complexes

Several homoleptic complexes are known of the type [M(phen)₃]²⁺. Particularly well studied is [Fe(phen)₃]²⁺, called "ferroin." It can be used for the photometric determination of Fe(II).^[3] It is used as a redox indicator with standard potential +1.06 V. The reduced ferrous form has a deep red colour and the oxidised form is light-blue.^[4] The pink complex [Ni(phen)₃]²⁺ has been resolved into its Δ and Λ isomers.^[5]

Copper(I) forms [Cu(phen)₂]⁺, which is luminescent.^[6]^[7]

Bioinorganic chemistry

Structure of the metallointercalator [Ru(phen)₂(dppz)]²⁺ (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2‘,3‘-c]phenazine).

It has long been known that some cationic metal-phen complexes intercalate into DNA.^[8] These metallointercalators associate enantioselectively and exhibit distinctive optical properties.^[9]^[10]

1,10-Phenanthroline is an inhibitor of metallopeptidases, with one of the first observed instances reported in carboxypeptidase A.^[11] Inhibition of the enzyme occurs by removal and chelation of the metal ion required for catalytic activity, leaving an inactive apoenzyme. 1,10-Phenanthroline targets mainly zinc metallopeptidases, with a much lower affinity for calcium.^[12]

Modified phen ligands

A variety of substituted derivatives of phen have been examined as ligands.^[7]^[13] Substituents at the 2,9 positions confer protection for the attached metal, inhibiting the binding of multiple equivalents of the phenanthroline. Such bulky ligands also favor trigonal or tetrahedral coordination at the metal.^[14] Phen itself form complexes of the type [M(phen)₃]Cl₂ when treated with metal dihalides (M = Fe, Co, Ni). By contrast, neocuproine and bathocuproine form 1:1 complexes such as [Ni(neocuproine)Cl₂]₂.^[15]

Basicities of 1,10-Phenanthrolines and 2,2'-Bipyridine^[16]
phen derivative	pK_a	comment/alt. name
1,10-phenanthroline	4.86	phen
2,2'-bipyridine	4.30	bipy
5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline	3.57
2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline	unknown	neocuproine^[17]^[18]
2,9-Dimethyl-4,7-diphenylphenanthroline	unknown	Bathocuproine^[17]^[19]
4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline	5.97
4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline	unknown	bathophenanthroline^[20]
5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline	5.20	5,6-Me₂phen
3,4,7,8-tetramethylphenanthroline	6.31	3,4,7,8-Me₄phen^[21]
4,7-dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline	6.45	4,7-(MeO)₂phen^[22]
2,6-dimesitylphenanthroline	unknown	HETPHEN^[23]^[14]

1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione is a phen-type ligand incorporating an ortho-quinone group.^[24]

Comparison with bipyridine

Complexes of phen and those of 2,2'-bipyridine (bipyr) are similar: the metal-ligand ensemble is planar, which facilitates electron delocalization. As a consequence of this delocalization, phen complexes often exhibit distinctive optical and redox properties. With respective pK_a's of 4.86 and 4.3 for their conjugate acids, phenanthroline and bipy are of comparable basicity.^[25] In phenanthroline, the two nitrogen donors are preorganized for chelation. According to one ligand ranking scale, phen is a weaker donor than bipy.^[26]

References

^ Grzesiak, Adam L.; Matzger, Adam J. (2007). "Selection and Discovery of Polymorphs of Platinum Complexes Facilitated by Polymer-Induced Heteronucleation". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (2): 453–457. doi:10.1021/ic061323k. PMID 17279824.
^ Sammes, Peter G.; Yahioglu, Gokhan (1994). "1,10-Phenanthroline: A Versatile Ligand". Chemical Society Reviews. 23 (5): 327. doi:10.1039/CS9942300327.
^ Belcher R (1973). "Application of chelate Compounds in Analytical Chemistry". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 34: 13–27. doi:10.1351/pac197334010013. S2CID 44054260.
^ Bellér, G. B.; Lente, G. B.; Fábián, I. N. (2010). "Central Role of Phenanthroline Mono-N-oxide in the Decomposition Reactions of Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II) and -iron(III) Complexes". Inorganic Chemistry. 49 (9): 3968–3970. doi:10.1021/ic902554b. PMID 20415494.
^ George B. Kauffman; Lloyd T. Takahashi (1966). "Resolution of the tris-(1,10-Phenanthroline)nickel(II) Ion". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 5. pp. 227–232. doi:10.1002/9780470132395.ch60. ISBN 978-0-470-13239-5.
^ Armaroli N (2001). "Photoactive Mono- and Polynuclear Cu(I)-Phenanthrolines. A Viable Alternative to Ru(Ii)-Polypyridines?". Chemical Society Reviews. 30 (2): 113–124. doi:10.1039/b000703j.
^ ^a ^b Pallenberg A. J.; Koenig K. S.; Barnhart D. M. (1995). "Synthesis and Characterization of Some Copper(I) Phenanthroline Complexes". Inorganic Chemistry. 34 (11): 2833–2840. doi:10.1021/ic00115a009.
^ Dwyer, F. P.; Gyarfas, Eleonora C.; Rogers, W. P.; Koch, Judith H. (1952). "Biological Activity of Complex Ions". Nature. 170 (4318): 190–191. Bibcode:1952Natur.170..190D. doi:10.1038/170190a0. PMID 12982853. S2CID 6483735.
^ Erkkila, Kathryn E.; Odom, Duncan T.; Barton, Jacqueline K. (1999). "Recognition and Reaction of Metallointercalators with DNA". Chemical Reviews. 99 (9): 2777–2796. doi:10.1021/cr9804341. PMID 11749500.
^ Bencini, Andrea; Lippolis, Vito (2010). "1,10-Phenanthroline: A Versatile Building block for the Construction of Ligands for Various Purposes". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 254 (17–18): 2096–2180. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.008.
^ Felber, Jean-Pierre; Coombs, Thomas L.; Vallee, Bert L. (1962). "The mechanism of inhibition of carboxypeptidase A by 1,10-phenanthroline". Biochemistry. 1 (2): 231–238. doi:10.1021/bi00908a006. PMID 13892106.
^ Salvesen, GS & Nagase, H (2001). "Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes". In Beynon, Rob & Bond, J S (eds.). Proteolytic Enzymes: A Practical Approach. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 105–130. ISBN 978-0-19-963662-4.
^ Accorsi, Gianluca; Listorti, Andrea; Yoosaf, K.; Armaroli, Nicola (2009). "1,10-Phenanthrolines: Versatile building blocks for luminescent molecules, materials and metal complexes". Chemical Society Reviews. 38 (6): 1690–2300. doi:10.1039/B806408N. PMID 19587962.
^ ^a ^b Somerville, Rosie J.; Odena, Carlota; Obst, Marc F.; Hazari, Nilay; Hopmann, Kathrin H.; Martin, Ruben (2020). "Ni(I)–Alkyl Complexes Bearing Phenanthroline Ligands: Experimental Evidence for CO2 Insertion at Ni(I) Centers". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (25): 10936–10941. Bibcode:2020JAChS.14210936S. doi:10.1021/jacs.0c04695. PMC 7351122. PMID 32520556.
^ Preston, H. S.; Kennard, C. H. L. (1969). "Crystal Structure of di-mu-Chloro-sym-trans-Dichloro-Bis-(2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-Phenanthroline)dinickel(II)-2-Chloroform". J. Chem. Soc. A: 2682–2685. doi:10.1039/J19690002682.
^ Leipoldt, J.G.; Lamprecht, G.J.; Steynberg, E.C. (1991). "Kinetics of the substitution of acetylacetone in acetylactonato-1,5-cyclooctadienerhodium(I) by derivatives of 1,10-phenantrholine and 2,2′-dipyridyl". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 402 (2): 259–263. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(91)83069-G.
^ ^a ^b Rezazadeh, Sina; Devannah, Vijayarajan; Watson, Donald A. (2017). "Nickel-Catalyzed C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes with Unactivated Alkyl Iodides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139 (24): 8110–8113. Bibcode:2017JAChS.139.8110R. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b04312. PMC 5531607. PMID 28594543.
^ Nilsson, Peter (2012). "Neocuproine". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01440. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.
^ Liu, Guosheng; Wu, Yichen (2012). "Bathocuproine". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01392. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.
^ Vallée, Frédéric; Kühn, Fritz E.; Korinth, Valentina A. (2013). "Bathophenanthroline". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01319.pub2. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.
^ Zhu, Lingui; Altman, Ryan A. (2013). "3,4,7,8-Tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Tmphen)". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01515. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.
^ Altman, Ryan A. (2008). "1,10-Phenanthroline, 4,7-Dimethoxy". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. eEROS. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn00918. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.
^ Kohler, Lars; Hayes, Dugan; Hong, Jiyun; Carter, Tyler J.; Shelby, Megan L.; Fransted, Kelly A.; Chen, Lin X.; Mulfort, Karen L. (2016). "Synthesis, structure, ultrafast kinetics, and light-induced dynamics of CuHETPHEN chromophores". Dalton Transactions. 45 (24): 9871–9883. doi:10.1039/c6dt00324a. PMID 26924711.
^ Wendlandt, Alison E.; Stahl, Shannon S. (2014). "Modular o -Quinone Catalyst System for Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydroquinolines under Ambient Conditions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (34): 11910–11913. Bibcode:2014JAChS.13611910W. doi:10.1021/ja506546w. PMC 4151779. PMID 25109345.
^ J. G. Leipoldt; G. J. Lamprecht; E. C.Steynberg (1991). "Kinetics of the Substitution of Acetylacetone in Acetylactonato-1,5-cyclooctadienerhodium(I) by Derivatives of 1,10-Phenanthroline and 2,2′-Dipyridyl". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 402 (2): 259–263. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(91)83069-G.
^ Teng, Qiaoqiao; Huynh, Han Vinh (2017). "A Unified Ligand Electronic Parameter Based on C NMR Spectroscopy of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes". Dalton Transactions. 46 (3): 614–627. doi:10.1039/C6DT04222H. PMID 27924321.

[1] Grzesiak, Adam L.; Matzger, Adam J. (2007). "Selection and Discovery of Polymorphs of Platinum Complexes Facilitated by Polymer-Induced Heteronucleation". Inorganic Chemistry. 46 (2): 453–457. doi:10.1021/ic061323k. PMID 17279824.

[2] Sammes, Peter G.; Yahioglu, Gokhan (1994). "1,10-Phenanthroline: A Versatile Ligand". Chemical Society Reviews. 23 (5): 327. doi:10.1039/CS9942300327.

[3] Belcher R (1973). "Application of chelate Compounds in Analytical Chemistry". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 34: 13–27. doi:10.1351/pac197334010013. S2CID 44054260.

[4] Bellér, G. B.; Lente, G. B.; Fábián, I. N. (2010). "Central Role of Phenanthroline Mono-N-oxide in the Decomposition Reactions of Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II) and -iron(III) Complexes". Inorganic Chemistry. 49 (9): 3968–3970. doi:10.1021/ic902554b. PMID 20415494.

[5] George B. Kauffman; Lloyd T. Takahashi (1966). "Resolution of the tris-(1,10-Phenanthroline)nickel(II) Ion". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 5. pp. 227–232. doi:10.1002/9780470132395.ch60. ISBN 978-0-470-13239-5.

[6] Armaroli N (2001). "Photoactive Mono- and Polynuclear Cu(I)-Phenanthrolines. A Viable Alternative to Ru(Ii)-Polypyridines?". Chemical Society Reviews. 30 (2): 113–124. doi:10.1039/b000703j.

[Pallenberg-7] Pallenberg A. J.; Koenig K. S.; Barnhart D. M. (1995). "Synthesis and Characterization of Some Copper(I) Phenanthroline Complexes". Inorganic Chemistry. 34 (11): 2833–2840. doi:10.1021/ic00115a009.

[8] Dwyer, F. P.; Gyarfas, Eleonora C.; Rogers, W. P.; Koch, Judith H. (1952). "Biological Activity of Complex Ions". Nature. 170 (4318): 190–191. Bibcode:1952Natur.170..190D. doi:10.1038/170190a0. PMID 12982853. S2CID 6483735.

[9] Erkkila, Kathryn E.; Odom, Duncan T.; Barton, Jacqueline K. (1999). "Recognition and Reaction of Metallointercalators with DNA". Chemical Reviews. 99 (9): 2777–2796. doi:10.1021/cr9804341. PMID 11749500.

[10] Bencini, Andrea; Lippolis, Vito (2010). "1,10-Phenanthroline: A Versatile Building block for the Construction of Ligands for Various Purposes". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 254 (17–18): 2096–2180. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.008.

[11] Felber, Jean-Pierre; Coombs, Thomas L.; Vallee, Bert L. (1962). "The mechanism of inhibition of carboxypeptidase A by 1,10-phenanthroline". Biochemistry. 1 (2): 231–238. doi:10.1021/bi00908a006. PMID 13892106.

[12] Salvesen, GS & Nagase, H (2001). "Inhibition of proteolytic enzymes". In Beynon, Rob & Bond, J S (eds.). Proteolytic Enzymes: A Practical Approach. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 105–130. ISBN 978-0-19-963662-4.

[13] Accorsi, Gianluca; Listorti, Andrea; Yoosaf, K.; Armaroli, Nicola (2009). "1,10-Phenanthrolines: Versatile building blocks for luminescent molecules, materials and metal complexes". Chemical Society Reviews. 38 (6): 1690–2300. doi:10.1039/B806408N. PMID 19587962.

[Ruben-14] Somerville, Rosie J.; Odena, Carlota; Obst, Marc F.; Hazari, Nilay; Hopmann, Kathrin H.; Martin, Ruben (2020). "Ni(I)–Alkyl Complexes Bearing Phenanthroline Ligands: Experimental Evidence for CO2 Insertion at Ni(I) Centers". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 142 (25): 10936–10941. Bibcode:2020JAChS.14210936S. doi:10.1021/jacs.0c04695. PMC 7351122. PMID 32520556.

[15] Preston, H. S.; Kennard, C. H. L. (1969). "Crystal Structure of di-mu-Chloro-sym-trans-Dichloro-Bis-(2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-Phenanthroline)dinickel(II)-2-Chloroform". J. Chem. Soc. A: 2682–2685. doi:10.1039/J19690002682.

[pKa-16] Leipoldt, J.G.; Lamprecht, G.J.; Steynberg, E.C. (1991). "Kinetics of the substitution of acetylacetone in acetylactonato-1,5-cyclooctadienerhodium(I) by derivatives of 1,10-phenantrholine and 2,2′-dipyridyl". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 402 (2): 259–263. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(91)83069-G.

[Watson-17] Rezazadeh, Sina; Devannah, Vijayarajan; Watson, Donald A. (2017). "Nickel-Catalyzed C-Alkylation of Nitroalkanes with Unactivated Alkyl Iodides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139 (24): 8110–8113. Bibcode:2017JAChS.139.8110R. doi:10.1021/jacs.7b04312. PMC 5531607. PMID 28594543.

[18] Nilsson, Peter (2012). "Neocuproine". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01440. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.

[19] Liu, Guosheng; Wu, Yichen (2012). "Bathocuproine". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01392. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.

[20] Vallée, Frédéric; Kühn, Fritz E.; Korinth, Valentina A. (2013). "Bathophenanthroline". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01319.pub2. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.

[21] Zhu, Lingui; Altman, Ryan A. (2013). "3,4,7,8-Tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Tmphen)". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn01515. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.

[22] Altman, Ryan A. (2008). "1,10-Phenanthroline, 4,7-Dimethoxy". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. eEROS. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn00918. ISBN 978-0-471-93623-7.

[23] Kohler, Lars; Hayes, Dugan; Hong, Jiyun; Carter, Tyler J.; Shelby, Megan L.; Fransted, Kelly A.; Chen, Lin X.; Mulfort, Karen L. (2016). "Synthesis, structure, ultrafast kinetics, and light-induced dynamics of CuHETPHEN chromophores". Dalton Transactions. 45 (24): 9871–9883. doi:10.1039/c6dt00324a. PMID 26924711.

[24] Wendlandt, Alison E.; Stahl, Shannon S. (2014). "Modular o -Quinone Catalyst System for Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydroquinolines under Ambient Conditions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (34): 11910–11913. Bibcode:2014JAChS.13611910W. doi:10.1021/ja506546w. PMC 4151779. PMID 25109345.

[25] J. G. Leipoldt; G. J. Lamprecht; E. C.Steynberg (1991). "Kinetics of the Substitution of Acetylacetone in Acetylactonato-1,5-cyclooctadienerhodium(I) by Derivatives of 1,10-Phenanthroline and 2,2′-Dipyridyl". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 402 (2): 259–263. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(91)83069-G.

[26] Teng, Qiaoqiao; Huynh, Han Vinh (2017). "A Unified Ligand Electronic Parameter Based on C NMR Spectroscopy of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes". Dalton Transactions. 46 (3): 614–627. doi:10.1039/C6DT04222H. PMID 27924321.

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline

Homoleptic complexes

Bioinorganic chemistry

Modified phen ligands

Comparison with bipyridine

References

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