Transit of Mercury

The transit of Mercury on May 9, 2016. Mercury is visible to the lower left of center. A sun spot is visible above center.
Mercury transiting the Sun as viewed by the rover Curiosity on Mars (June 3, 2014).[1]

A transit of Mercury across the Sun takes place when the planet Mercury passes directly between the Sun and a superior planet. During a transit, Mercury appears as a tiny black dot moving across the Sun as the planet obscures a small portion of the solar disk. Because of orbital alignments, transits viewed from Earth occur in May or November. The last four such transits occurred on May 7, 2003; November 8, 2006; May 9, 2016; and November 11, 2019. The next will occur on November 13, 2032. A typical transit lasts several hours. Mercury transits are much more frequent than transits of Venus, with about 13 or 14 per century, primarily because Mercury is closer to the Sun and orbits it more rapidly.

On June 3, 2014, the Mars rover Curiosity observed the planet Mercury transiting the Sun, marking the first time a planetary transit has been observed from a celestial body besides Earth.[1]

Scientific investigation

The orbit of the planet Mercury lies interior to that of the Earth, and thus it can come into an inferior conjunction with the Sun. When Mercury is near the node of its orbit, it passes through the orbital plane of the Earth. If an inferior conjunction occurs as Mercury is passing through its orbital node, the planet can be seen to pass across the disk of the Sun in an event called a transit. Depending on the chord of the transit and the position of the planet Mercury in its orbit, the maximum length of this event is 7h 50m.[2]

Transit events are useful for studying the planet and its orbit. Examples of the scientific investigations based on transits of Mercury are:

  • Measuring the scale of the Solar System.[3]
  • Investigations of the variability of the Earth's rotation and of the tidal acceleration of the Moon.[4][5][6][7]
  • Measuring the mass of Venus from secular variations in Mercury's orbit.[8]: 367 
  • Looking for long term variations in the solar radius.[9][10]
  • Investigating the black drop effect, including calling into question the purported discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit.[11][12][13]
  • Assessing the likely drop in light level in an exoplanet transit.[14]

Occurrence

Transits of Mercury can only occur when the Earth is aligned with a node of Mercury's orbit. Currently that alignment occurs within a few days of May 8 (descending node) and November 10 (ascending node), with the angular diameter of Mercury being about 12″ for May transits, and 10″ for November transits. The average date for a transit increases over centuries as a result of Mercury's nodal precession and Earth's axial precession.

Transits of Mercury occur on a regular basis. As explained in 1882 by Newcomb,[8]: 477–487  the interval between passages of Mercury through the ascending node of its orbit is 87.969 days, and the interval between the Earth's passage through that same longitude is 365.254 days. Using continued fraction approximations of the ratio of these values, it can be shown that Mercury will make an almost integral number of revolutions about the Sun over intervals of 6, 7, 13, 33, 46, and 217 years.

In 1894 Crommelin[15] noted that at these intervals, the successive paths of Mercury relative to the Sun are consistently displaced northwards or southwards. He noted the displacements as:

Displacements at subsequent transits
Interval May
transits		 November
transits
After 6 years 65′ 37″ S 31′ 35″ N
After 7 years 48′ 21″ N 23′ 16″ S
Hence after 13 years (6 + 7) 17′ 16″ S 8′ 19″ N
... 20 years (6 + 2 × 7) 31′ 05″ N 14′ 57″ S
... 33 years (2 × 6 + 3 × 7) 13′ 49″ N 6′ 38″ S
... 46 years (3 × 13 + 7) 3′ 27″ S   1′ 41″ N
... 217 years (14 × 13 + 5 × 7) 0′ 17″ N 0′ 14″ N

Comparing these displacements with the solar diameter (about 31.7′ in May, and 32.4′ in November) the following may be deduced about the interval between transits:

  • For May transits, intervals of 6 and 7 years are not possible. For November transits, an interval of 6 years is possible but rare (the last such pair was 1993 and 1999, with both transits being very close to the solar limb), while an interval of 7 years is to be expected.
  • An interval of 13 years is to be expected for both May and November transits.
  • An interval of 20 years is possible but rare for a May transit, but is to be expected for November transits.
  • An interval of 33 years is to be expected for both May and November transits.
  • A transit having a similar path across the sun will occur 46 (and 171) years later – for both November and May transits.
  • A transit having an almost identical path across the Sun will occur 217 years later – for both November and May transits.

Transits that occur 46 years apart can be grouped into a series. For November transits each series includes about 20 transits over 874 years, with the path of Mercury across the Sun passing further north than for the previous transit. For May transits each series includes about 10 transits over 414 years, with the path of Mercury across the Sun passing further south than for the previous transit. Some authors[16] have allocated a series number to transits on the basis of this 46-year grouping.

Similarly transits that occur 217 years apart can be grouped into a series. For November transits each series would include about 135 transits over 30,000 years. For May transits each series would include about 110 transits over 24,000 years. For both the May and November series, the path of Mercury across the Sun passes further north than for the previous transit. Series numbers have not been traditionally allocated on the basis of the 217 year grouping.

Predictions of transits of Mercury covering many years are available at NASA,[16] SOLEX,[17] and Fourmilab.[18]

Observation

At inferior conjunction, the planet Mercury subtends an angle of 12″, which, during a transit, is too small to be seen without a telescope.[19] A common observation made at a transit[20] is recording the times when the disk of Mercury appears to be in contact with the limb of the Sun.[21] Those contacts are traditionally referred to as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th contacts – with the 2nd and 3rd contacts occurring when the disk of Mercury is fully on the disk of the sun.[22] As a general rule, 1st and 4th contacts cannot be accurately detected,[7] while 2nd and 3rd contacts are readily visible within the constraints of the Black Drop effect,[23] irradiation, atmospheric conditions, and the quality of the optics being used.[24]

Observed contact times for transits between 1677 and 1881 are given in S Newcomb's analysis of transits of Mercury.[8]: 367  Observed 2nd and 3rd contacts times for transits between 1677 and 1973 are given in Royal Greenwich Observatory Bulletin No.181, 359-420 (1975).[25]

Partial

November 15, 1999 simulated transit of Mercury across the Sun.

Sometimes Mercury appears to only graze the Sun during a transit. There are two possible scenarios:

  • Firstly, it is possible for a transit to occur such that, at mid-transit, the disk of Mercury has fully entered the disk of the Sun as seen from some parts of the world, while as seen from other parts of the world the disk of Mercury has only partially entered the disk of the Sun. The transit of November 15, 1999 was such a transit,[26][27][28] with the transit being a full transit for most of the world, but only a partial transit for Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. The previous such transit was on October 28, 743 and the next will be on May 11, 2391. While these events are very rare, two such transits will occur within 2+1⁄2 years in December 6149 and June 6152.[18]
  • Secondly, it is possible for a transit to occur in which, at mid-transit, the disk of Mercury has partially entered the disk of the Sun as seen from some parts of the world, while as seen from other parts of the world Mercury completely misses the Sun. Such a transit last occurred on May 11, 1937, when a partial transit occurred in southern Africa and southern Asia and no transit was visible from Europe and northern Asia.[29] The previous such transit was on October 21, 1342 and the next will be on May 13, 2608.[citation needed]

The possibility that, at mid-transit, Mercury is seen to be fully on the solar disk from some parts of the world, and completely miss the Sun as seen from other parts of the world cannot occur.[citation needed]

History

The first observation of a Mercury transit was observed on November 7, 1631 by Pierre Gassendi. He was surprised by the small size of the planet compared to the Sun. Johannes Kepler had predicted the occurrence of transits of Mercury and Venus in his ephemerides published in 1630.[30]

Images of the November 15, 1999 transit from the Transition Region and Coronal explorer (TRACE) satellite were on Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) on November 19.[31] Three APODs featured the May 9, 2016 transit.[32][33][34]

1832 event

The Shuckburgh telescope of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in London was used for the 1832 Mercury transit.[35] It was equipped with a micrometer by Dollond and was used for a report of the events as seen through the small refractor.[35] By observing the transit in combination with timing it and taking measures, a diameter for the planet was taken.[35] They also reported the peculiar effects that they compared to pressing a coin into the Sun.[35] The observer remarked:

I afterwards observed, that immediately around the planet there was a dusky tinge, making it appear as if, in a small degree sunk below the sun's surface.

— Royal Astronomical Society, Vol II, No. 13[35]

1907 event

For the 1907 Mercury transit, telescopes used at the Paris Observatory included:[36]

  • Foucault-Eichens reflector (40 centimetres (16 in) aperture)
  • Foucault-Eichens reflector (20 centimetres (7.9 in) aperture)
  • Martin-Eichens reflector (40 centimetres (16 in) aperture)
  • Several small refractors

The telescopes were mobile and were placed on the terrace for the several observations.[36]

Chronology

The table below includes all historical transits of Mercury from 1605 on:

Past transits of Mercury[16]
Date of
mid-transit		 Time (UTC) Notes
Start Mid End
1605 Nov 1 18:47 20:02 21:18
1615 May 3 06:44 10:09 13:33
1618 Nov 4 11:10 13:42 16:14
1628 May 5 14:23 17:32 20:40
1631 Nov 7 04:39 07:20 10:01 Observed by Pierre Gassendi.
1644 Nov 9 22:55 00:57 02:58
1651 Nov 3–4 23:09 00:52 02:35 Observed by Jeremy Shakerly in Surat, reported in letter to Henry Osbourne, January 1652. Shakerly is thought to have died in India around 1655.[37]
1661 May 3 13:08 16:54 20:40 Occurred on the day of the coronation of King Charles II of England. Observed by Christiaan Huygens, Nicholas Mercator, and Thomas Streete in Long Acre, London.[38]
1664 Nov 4 15:54 18:32 21:10
1674 May 7 22:01 00:16 02:31
1677 Nov 7 09:33 12:11 14:48 Observed by Edmund Halley in St Helena and Richard Towneley in Lancashire to determine solar parallax, also noted by Jean Charles Gallet in Avignon; as reported in a letter from John Flamsteed to Johannes Hevelius May 23, 1678.[39]
1690 Nov 10 03:59 05:43 07:27
1697 Nov 3 03:40 05:42 07:43
1707 May 5 19:37 23:32 03:27 Observed by Abraham Sharp.[40][16]
1710 Nov 6 20:40 23:22 02:03
1723 Nov 9 14:27 16:59 19:30
1736 Nov 11 09:11 10:30 11:49
1740 May 2 21:42 23:02 00:21
1743 Nov 5 08:15 10:30 12:45
1753 May 6 02:19 06:13 10:06 Coordinated scientific observations were organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle worldwide.[41]
1756 Nov 7 01:28 04:10 06:54
1769 Nov 9–10 19:23 21:46 00:10 Observed by Charles Green and James Cook from Mercury Bay in New Zealand.[42] Noted that Mercury had little or no atmosphere.
1776 Nov 2 21:03 21:36 22:09
1782 Nov 12 14:42 15:16 15:50 Observed from Cambridge U.K.[43][16]
1786 May 4 03:01 05:41 08:21
1789 Nov 5 12:53 15:19 17:44
1799 May 7 09:10 12:50 16:31 Observed by Capel Lofft in England.[44]
1802 Nov 9 06:16 08:58 11:41 Observed by William Herschel and Capel Lofft in England.[45][46]
1815 Nov 12 00:20 02:33 04:46
1822 Nov 5 01:04 02:25 03:45
1832 May 5 09:04 12:25 15:47
1835 Nov 7 17:35 20:08 22:41
1845 May 8 16:24 19:37 22:49 Observed by William Lassell.[47]
1848 Nov 9 11:07 13:48 16:28
1861 Nov 12 05:21 07:19 09:18 Partially observed from Malta by William Lassell.[48]
1868 Nov 5 05:28 07:14 09:00
1878 May 6 15:16 19:00 22:44 Observed from Greenwich Observatory.[49]
1881 Nov 6–7 22:19 00:57 03:36 Observed by John Tebbutt.[50]
1891 May 8–9 23:57 02:22 04:47
1894 Nov 10 15:58 18:35 21:11 Observed from Sidmouth, Devon by H.H. Turner and A. F. Lindemann[51]
1907 Nov 14 10:24 12:07 13:50 Observed from Johannesburg by R. T. A. Innes[52]
1914 Nov 7 09:57 12:03 14:09 Seen by several observers across the U.K. including A. Grace Cook and T. E. R. Phillips.[53]
1924 May 8–9 21:44 01:41 05:38 Final stages observed by Basil Brown.[54]
1927 Nov 10 03:02 05:46 08:29 Final stages observed from the U.K.[55]
1937 May 11 08:53 08:59 09:06 Only visible as partial transit in Southern Africa, Southern Arabia, South Asia, and Western Australia.[56]
1940 Nov 11–12 20:49 23:21 01:53 Observed from New South Wales.[57]
1953 Nov 14 15:37 16:54 18:11 Observed from the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope.[58]
1957 May 5–6 23:59 01:14 02:30
1960 Nov 7 14:34 16:53 19:12 [59]
1970 May 9 04:19 08:16 12:13 [60]
1973 Nov 10 07:47 10:32 13:17 [61]
1986 Nov 13 01:43 04:07 06:31 [62]
1993 Nov 6 03:06 03:57 04:47 [63] This brief transit was only visible from the south pole.[64]
1999 Nov 15
 21:15 21:41 22:07 [65] Partial transit in Australia, Antarctica, and New Zealand's South Island.
2003 May 7 05:13 07:52 10:32 [66]
2006 Nov 8
 18:12 20:41 23:10 [67]
2016 May 9
 11:12 14:57 18:42
Entire transit in S. America, eastern N. America, western Europe; part of transit everywhere else except Australia and far eastern Asia.[68]
2019 Nov 11
 12:35 15:20 18:04 [16]
Future transits of Mercury[16]
Date of
mid-transit		 Time (UTC) Notes
Start Mid End
2032 Nov 13 06:41 08:54 11:07
2039 Nov 7 07:17 08:46 10:15
2049 May 7 11:03 14:24 17:44
2052 Nov 8–9 22:53 01:29 04:06
2062 May 10–11 18:16 21:36 01:00
2065 Nov 11–12 17:24 20:06 22:48
2078 Nov 14 11:42 13:41 15:39
2085 Nov 7 11:42 13:34 15:26
2095 May 8–9 17:20 21:05 00:50
2098 Nov 10 04:35 07:16 09:57
2108 May 12 01:40 04:16 06:52
2111 Nov 14–15 22:15 00:53 03:30
2124 Nov 15 16:49 18:28 20:07

See also

  • Transit of Mercury on November 11, 2019
    Transit of Mercury on November 11, 2019
  • Transit of Mercury on November 8, 2006 with sunspots #921, 922, and 923
    Transit of Mercury on November 8, 2006 with sunspots #921, 922, and 923

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Pietro Della Valle

Pietro Della ValleBiografiKelahiran11 April 1586 Roma Kematian21 April 1652 (66 tahun)Roma Tempat pemakamanBasilika Santa Maria in Ara Coeli KegiatanPekerjaanExplorer (en), komponis dan penulis AliranMusik Barok Murid dariPaolo Quagliati (en) KeluargaPasangan nikahSitti Maani Gioerida della Valle (en) Pietro Della Valle Pietro della Valle (2 April 1586 – 21 April 1652) adalah seorang pria Italia yang menjelajahi Asia pada masa Renaissance. Perjalanannya melewati Tanah Suci, Timur Tengah, Af...

 

 

Genshin

Genshin. (lukisan gantung di Kuil Shōjūraigōji [ja]) Genshin (源信; 942 – 6 Juli 1017), juga disebut sebagai Eshin Sozu, adalah seorang cendekiawan paling berpengaruh dalam aliran Tendai yang aktif pada abad kesepuluh dan kesebelas di Jepang.[1] Ia adalah salah satu dari dua murid utama Ryogen bersama dengan Kakuun.[2] Referensi ^ Kopf, Gereon (2018). Dao Companion to Japanese Buddhist Philosophy. Berlin: Springer. hlm. 373. ISBN 9789048129232....

 

 

Wudu

Bagian dari seriIslam Rukun Iman Keesaan Allah Malaikat Kitab-kitab Allah Nabi dan Rasul Allah Hari Kiamat Qada dan Qadar Rukun Islam Syahadat Salat Zakat Puasa Haji Sumber hukum Islam al-Qur'an Sunnah (Hadis, Sirah) Tafsir Akidah Fikih Syariat Sejarah Garis waktu Muhammad Ahlulbait Sahabat Nabi Khulafaur Rasyidin Khalifah Imamah Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan Penyebaran Islam Penerus Muhammad Budaya dan masyarakat Akademik Akhlak Anak-anak Dakwah Demografi Ekonomi Feminisme Filsafat...

2022 Brussels summit

2022 NATO extraordinary summit meeting in Belgium You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (March 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Cons...

 

 

Murasoli Maran

Indian politician This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (May 2013) Murasoli MaranMinister for Commerce and IndustryIn office13 October 1999 – 9 November 2002Prime MinisterAtal Bihari VajpayeePreceded byRamakrishna HegdeSucceeded byArun ShourieMinister for IndustryIn office1 June 1996 – 19 March 1998Prime MinisterH. D. Dewe GowdaI. K. GujralPreceded bySuresh PrabhuSucceeded ...

 

 

Antonov An-30

Antonov An-30 Vue de l'avion. Rôle cartographie et reconnaissance Constructeur Antonov Équipage 5-7 Premier vol 1974 Dimensions Longueur 24,826 m Envergure 29,198 m Hauteur 8,32 m Aire alaire 74,98 m2 Masse et capacité d'emport Max. à vide 15,59 t Max. au décollage 23 t Motorisation Moteurs 2 turbopropulseurs AI-24VT Performances Vitesse de croisière maximale 430-475 km/h Vitesse maximale 540 km/h Distance franchissable avec réserves pour 1 heur...

British Hong Kong

British colony and dependent territory from 1841 to 1997 Hong Kong香港1841–19411945–19971941–1945: Japanese occupation Flag (1959–1997) Coat of arms(1959–1997) Anthem: God Save the Queen (1841–1901; 1952–1997)God Save the King (1901–1941; 1945–1952)StatusCrown colony(1843–1941; 1945–1981)British Dependent Territory(1981–1997)CapitalVictoria (de facto)Official languagesEnglishChinese (Cantonese)[note 1]Religion ChristianityFolkBuddhismTaoismHinduismI...

 

 

Zip line

Transportation system For other uses of Zipline, see Zipline (disambiguation). A person on a zipline Zip-lining in Costa Rica, January 2005 A zip-line, zip line, zip-wire, flying fox, or death slide[1][2][3][4][5][6] is a pulley suspended on a cable, usually made of stainless steel, mounted on a slope. It is designed to enable cargo or a person propelled by gravity to travel from the top to the bottom of the inclined cable by holding on to, or b...

 

 

Paralimpiade Musim Panas 1988

Paralimpiade Musim Panas 1988Tuan rumahSeoulKorea SelatanMotoBersatu untuk Tantangan(Korea: 도전을 위한 화합)Jumlah disiplin732 dari 16 cabang olahragaTempat utamaStadion Olimpiade Seoul← New York/Stoke Mandeville 1984 Barcelona 1992 → Paralimpiade Musim Panas 1988 (Hangul: 1988년 패럴림픽; RR: 1988nyeon hagye paeleollimpik), adalah Paralimpiade pertama dalam 24 tahun yang diadakan di tempat yang sama kota sebagai Olimpiade. Mereka mengambil tempa...

Bookcase

Furniture used to store books For the reference software by Microsoft, see Microsoft Bookshelf. Bookshelf redirects here. For the speaker, see Bookshelf speaker. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bookcase – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove t...

 

 

Para Perintis Kemerdekaan

Para Perintis KemerdekaanSutradaraAsrul SaniProduserTaty WidodoDitulis olehAsrul SaniHamkaPemeranMansyur SyahdanCok SimbaraMutiara SaniRendra KarnoCamelia MalikArman EffendySoultan SaladinMarlia HardiFakhri AmrullahRita ZaharaAde IrawanCassim AbbasRadjul KahfiDistributorTaty & Sons Jaya filmTanggal rilis1977Durasi115 menitNegaraIndonesia Para Perintis Kemerdekaan adalah film Indonesia yang dirilis pada tahun 1977 dengan disutradarai oleh Asrul Sani. Film ini dibintangi antara lain oleh Ma...

 

 

Ryti I Cabinet

23rd government of the Republic of Finland (1939-40) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ryti I Cabinet – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Risto Ryti's first cabinet was the 23rd government of Republic of Finland. Cabinet's time period was from De...

穆罕默德·达乌德汗

穆罕默德·达乌德汗سردار محمد داود خان‎ 阿富汗共和國第1任總統任期1973年7月17日—1978年4月28日前任穆罕默德·查希爾·沙阿（阿富汗國王）继任穆罕默德·塔拉基（阿富汗民主共和國革命委員會主席團主席） 阿富汗王國首相任期1953年9月7日—1963年3月10日君主穆罕默德·查希爾·沙阿 个人资料出生(1909-07-18)1909年7月18日 阿富汗王國喀布尔逝世1978年4月28日(...

 

 

Gamut

Color reproduction capability Not to be confused with L.T.F. Gamut, gambit, gamete, or gauntlet. Look up gamut in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Typical cathode-ray tube (CRT) gamut The grayed-out horseshoe shape is the entire range of possible chromaticities, displayed in the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram format (see below). The colored triangle is the gamut available to the sRGB color space typically used in computer monitors; it does not cover the entire space. The corners of the triangl...

 

 

莎拉·阿什頓-西里洛

莎拉·阿什頓-西里洛2023年8月，阿什頓-西里洛穿著軍服出生 (1977-07-09) 1977年7月9日（46歲） 美國佛羅里達州国籍 美國别名莎拉·阿什頓（Sarah Ashton）莎拉·西里洛（Sarah Cirillo）金髮女郎（Blonde）职业記者、活動家、政治活動家和候選人、軍醫活跃时期2020年—雇主內華達州共和黨候選人（2020年）《Political.tips》（2020年—）《LGBTQ國度》（2022年3月—2022年10月）烏克蘭媒�...

Intel 8080

Intel C8080A. Intel 8080 adalah mikroprosesor awal yang dirancang dan diproduksi oleh Intel. CPU 8-bit ini dirilis pada April 1974 dan berjalan pada 2 MHz, dan pada umumnya dianggap menjadi rancangan prosesor mikro (microprocessor) pertama yang benar-benar dapat digunakan (bermanfaat). lbsProsesor IntelTermasuk prosesor x868086 • 8088 • 80186 • 80188 • 80286 • 80386 • 80486 • Pentium • Pentium Pro • Pentium II • Celeron Pentium III • Pentium 4 • Pentium M • Pentium D...

 

 

Colin McRae

Colin McRaeColin McRae at the X Games XIII in 2007KebangsaanScottishLahir(1968-08-05)5 Agustus 1968Meninggal15 September 2007(2007-09-15) (umur 39)Karier Kejuaraan Reli DuniaTahun aktif1987–2003, 2005–2006[1]TimSubaru, Citroën, Ford, ŠkodaJumlah lomba146Juara dunia1 (1995)Menang25Menang stage477Total poin626Lomba pertama1987 Swedish RallyMenang pertama1993 Rally New ZealandMenang terakhir2002 Safari RallyLomba terakhir2006 Rally of Turkey Colin McRae (5 Agustus 1968 &#...

 

 

Richard E. Grant

Swaziland born English actor Not to be confused with Richard Gant. For other people named Richard Grant, see Richard Grant (disambiguation). For the American paleontologist, see Richard E. Grant (paleontologist). Richard E. GrantGrant in 2018BornRichard Grant Esterhuysen (1957-05-05) 5 May 1957 (age 67)Mbabane, Swaziland (now Eswatini)NationalitySwaziBritish[1]Other namesRichard GrantEducationUniversity of Cape TownOccupation(s)Actor, presenter, PerfumerYears active1980...

Battaglia di Camollia

Battaglia di Camolliaparte della guerra della Lega di CognacL'Immacolata Concezione protegge Siena durante la Battaglia di Camollia, dipinto di Giovanni di Lorenzo Cini, 1528Data25 luglio 1526 LuogoPorta Camollia, alle Mura di Siena CausaInvasione fiorentino-pontificia EsitoVittoria senese completa Schieramenti Repubblica di Siena Ducato di Firenze Stato Pontificio ComandantiGiulio ColonnaGiovanni PalmieriGiovanni Maria PiniVirginio degli AnguillaraRoberto Pucci Effettivi150 cavalieri500 fant...

 

 

A Republikanska futbolna grupa 1958

A Republikanska futbolna grupa 1958 Competizione A Profesionalna Futbolna Grupa Sport Calcio Edizione 34ª Organizzatore BFS Date dall'8 marzo 1958al 6 luglio 1958 Luogo  Bulgaria Partecipanti 12 Risultati Vincitore  CSKA Sofia(8º titolo) Promozioni  Dunav Ruse Beroe Statistiche Miglior marcatore Dobromir Tashkov (9) Georgi Arnaudov (9) Incontri disputati 66 Gol segnati 192 (2,91 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 1957 1958-1959 Manuale La A Republ...