Total Football

For other uses, see Total Football (disambiguation).

Total Football (Dutch: totaalvoetbal) is a tactical system in association football in which any outfield player can take over the role of any other player in a team. A player who moves out of his position is replaced by another from his team, thus retaining the team's intended organisational structure. In this fluid system, no outfield player is fixed in a predetermined role; anyone can successively play as an attacker, a midfielder and a defender. The only player who must stay in a specified position is the goalkeeper.

Total Football's tactical success depends largely on the adaptability of each footballer within the team, in particular the ability to quickly switch positions depending on the on-field situation. The theory requires players to be comfortable in multiple positions; hence, it requires intelligent and technically diverse players.

Manager Rinus Michels is generally credited with introducing this system during the 1970s,[1] at Dutch club Ajax and the Netherlands national football team.[2] However, some authors credit teams such as the Austrian Wunderteam of the 1930s or the Golden Team of Hungary of the 1950s for having played in a similar style to Total Football.[3][4] Both sides were influenced by Jimmy Hogan, who was in turn influenced by the combination game.[5][6][7]

History

Pre-1970s

See also: Wunderteam (Austria national football team), La Máquina (Club Atlético River Plate), and Golden Team (Mighty Magyars)
The Golden Team (Mighty Magyars) in 1953

The first foundations for what became known as Total Football were laid by Jimmy Hogan, a Burnley native, who was influenced by the combination game.[5][6][7] Working with Austrian coach and his friend Hugo Meisl in the early 1930s, Meisl's Austria national football team (known as the "Wunderteam") became possibly the first side to play Total Football.[3][8][9] Hogan's influence reached beyond the Austrian borders, as two decades later the Hungary national team (also known as the "Golden Team") played a similar style of football under coach Gusztáv Sebes.[6][10] The then president of the Hungarian Football Association, Sandor Barcs, said: "Jimmy Hogan taught us everything we know about football".[6]

La Máquina, nickname of Argentine team River Plate in the 1940s

Torino ("Grande Torino" as the team was called) in the 1940s played a similar style as the Austrians.[11] Between 1941 and 1947, Argentinian club River Plate formed a remarkable team, known as "La Máquina" (The Machine),[12] whose attack formed by Carlos Muñoz, José Manuel Moreno, Adolfo Pedernera, Ángel Labruna and Félix Loustau perfected the "false nine" style[13][14] and the constant change of attack positions. "La Máquina" won several Argentine and international titles.

Also in the 1940s, English manager Jack Reynolds implemented a style that was bearing similarities to Total Football at Ajax, leading the Dutch club to rise in importance and win trophies for the first time.[15] In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Burnley were playing a renewed system in English football "where every player could play in every position" under manager Harry Potts.[16] This Total Football system led the club to the 1959–60 First Division title and won many plaudits, including admiration from all-time English First Division top scorer Jimmy Greaves.[17] Another pioneer was Vic Buckingham, manager of West Bromwich Albion, Ajax and Barcelona in the 1950s and 1960s, as the footballing education that he established helped the progressive nature of the type of football of Rinus Michels and later Johan Cruyff, a player who was introduced into the Ajax first team by Vic Buckingham.[18][19]

Totaalvoetbal schools

See also: Gloria Ajax (AFC Ajax) and The Clockwork Orange (Netherlands national football team)
Two Dutch exponents of total football in early 1970s, with Johan Cruyff being a keyplayer for both teams: AFC Ajax celebrating the Intercontinental Cup in 1972 (left); the Netherlands national team before playing Germany at the 1974 World Cup (right)

Rinus Michels, who played under Reynolds, later became manager of Ajax in 1965. Michels developed the tactics of Total Football after 1970, most importantly with the introduction of forward Johan Cruyff, perhaps the system's most famous exponent.[20] Although Cruyff was fielded as centre forward, Michels encouraged Cruyff to roam freely around the pitch, using technical ability and intelligence to exploit the weaknesses in the opposition and create chances. Cruyff's teammates also worked to adapt themselves accordingly, regularly switching positions to ensure tactical roles in the team were consistently filled.[21] Austrian coach Ernst Happel reworked the theory to introduce strength, encouraging his players to play tougher during his spells at ADO Den Haag and Feyenoord. Happel also managed the Netherlands national team to a runner-up finish in the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

The major component was the use of space, with the need to consistently create space central to the concept of Total Football. Former Ajax defender Barry Hulshoff described it as "[the thing] we discussed the whole time. Cruyff always talked about where to run and where to stand, and when not to move".[22] He further elaborated that position switching was only made possible due to apt spatial awareness.[23] He also described Total Football being proactive, as well as highlighting the use of pressing, which would be used to win back the ball or put the opposition under considerable pressure.[24] Michels and Cruyff saw unprecedented success with the system, winning eight Eredivisie titles, three European Cups, and one Intercontinental Cup.[25] The stark rise of Total Football and its attacking prowess was also linked with the "death of Catenaccio", an Italian system reliant heavily on defence promoted by Helenio Herrera's Internazionale during the 1960s.[26]

The Total Football system was prone to defeat, experienced notably in the final of the 1974 FIFA World Cup contested by the Dutch and West Germany.[27] Michels and Cruyff saw their ability to introduce playmaking stifled in the second half of the match by the effective marking of Berti Vogts. This allowed Franz Beckenbauer, Uli Hoeneß, and Wolfgang Overath to gain a stronghold in midfield, thus, enabling West Germany to win 2–1.[28]

Modern era

See also: The Dream Team (FC Barcelona), Guardiola's Barcelona side (2008–2012), Tiki-taka (Tiqui-taca), and Juego de posición

Building further on the foundations of Total Football, a new tactical system developed in FC Barcelona (particularly under manager Pep Guardiola) and the Spain national team during the late 2000s and early 2010s. This came to be known as Juego de Posición or Tiki-taka.[29]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Total Football.

References

  1. ^ Godsell, Andrew (2012). Planet Football. Lulu.com. p. 40. ISBN 978-1471616044.
  2. ^ Augustyn, Adam. "Rinus Michels". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b Hesse, Uli; Simpson, Paul (2013). Who Invented the Stepover?. Profile Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1847658425. Like Michels, he had been inspired by the free-flowing style of Gusztáv Sebes' great Hungarian side illuminated by the talents of Ferenc Puskás, Nándor Hidegkuti, Zoltán Czibor and József Bozsik. But even Sebes didn't invent Total Football. In the 1930s, the Austrian "Wunderteam", under Hugo Meisl, played with such improvisational genius that opponents were stupefied.
  4. ^ McDougall, Alan (2020). Contested Fields: A Global History of Modern Football. University of Toronto Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-1487594565.
  5. ^ a b "Eurocopa 2012" [UEFA Euro 2012]. Panenka (in Spanish). June 2012. pp. 22–23.
  6. ^ a b c d "How total football inventor was lost to Hungary". The Guardian. 22 November 2003. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  7. ^ a b Marcotti, Gabriele (30 May 2014). "Best teams never to win a World Cup: Netherlands 1974". ESPN. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  8. ^ Hughes, Rob (13 June 2010). "The Dutch Look Great Again. Oh, No". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  9. ^ Gordos, Phil (16 June 2008). "When Austria were good at football". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  10. ^ Bevan, Chris (24 November 2013). "Jimmy Hogan: The Englishman who inspired the Magical Magyars". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  11. ^ Whelan, Padraig (4 May 2015). "Great Calcio Sides: Il Grande Torino". Forza Italian Football. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  12. ^ "What if River Plate's La Máquina, Il Grande Torino had played one another?". si.com. 27 April 2015.
  13. ^ Wilson, Jonathan (27 October 2009). "The Question: Why are teams so tentative about false nines? - Jonathan Wilson". The Guardian.
  14. ^ "Pedernera, the twinkle-toed engine driver". FIFA.com. 12 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015.
  15. ^ Shetty, Sanjeev (2018). Total Football - A graphic history of the world's most iconic soccer tactics. London: Aurum Press. p. 64. ISBN 9781781318225.
  16. ^ Quelch, Tim (2015). Never Had it So Good: Burnley's Incredible 1959/60 League Title Triumph. Durrington: Pitch Publishing. pp. 200–201. ISBN 9781909626546.
  17. ^ Quelch (2015), p. 11
  18. ^ Townsend, Jon (28 January 2016). "Rinus Michels and the Total Football rebellion". These Football Times. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  19. ^ Donald McRae Interview: Johan Cruyff: 'Johan Cruyff: 'Everyone can play football but those values are being lost. We have to bring them back' The Guardian, 12 September 2014.
  20. ^ "Classic Coach: Rinus Michels". Classic Football. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  21. ^ 'FIFA Classic Player: The Netherlands' Grand Master. FIFA.com. Retrieved 14 July 2014
  22. ^ "Johan Cruyff: The Total Footballer". Sport Academy. British Broadcasting Corporation. 10 December 2003. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  23. ^ "Ground Breaking Team: Ajax 1973". Football Culture. The British Council in Japan. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  24. ^ Wilson, Jonathan (11 July 2010). "World Cup 2010: Dutch were pioneers of Total Football, but after exporting it to Spain must now stop opponents at their own game". The Scotsman. Retrieved 24 July 2010.
  25. ^ "We are the champions". FIFA.com. 11 December 2005. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  26. ^ "Season 1971-72". European Cup History. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  27. ^ "1974 FIFA World Cup Germany: Dutch take plaudits but Germany take the prize". Previous FIFA World Cups. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 11 September 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  28. ^ "World Cup Final, 1974: West Germany vs. The Netherlands". The Making of a World Cup Legend. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
  29. ^ Martínez, Roberto (11 July 2010). "World Cup final: Johan Cruyff sowed seeds for revolution in Spain's fortunes". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.