Tosyl group

Not to be confused with Tennessine.
Tosyl group (blue) with a generic "R" group attached
Tosylate group with a generic "R" group attached. Note the extra oxygen, compared to plain tosyl.

In organic chemistry, a toluenesulfonyl group (tosyl group, abbreviated Ts or Tos[nb 1]) is a univalent functional group with the chemical formula −SO2−C6H4−CH3. It consists of a tolyl group, −C6H4−CH3, joined to a sulfonyl group, −SO2−, with the open valence on sulfur. This group is usually derived from the compound tosyl chloride, CH3C6H4SO2Cl (abbreviated TsCl), which forms esters and amides of toluenesulfonic acid, CH3C6H4SO2OH (abbreviated TsOH). The para orientation illustrated (p-toluenesulfonyl) is most common, and by convention tosyl without a prefix refers to the p-toluenesulfonyl group.

The tosyl terminology was proposed by German chemists Kurt Hess and Robert Pfleger in 1933 on the pattern of trityl[1] and adopted in English starting from 1934.[2]

The toluenesulfonate (or tosylate) group refers to the −O−SO2C6H4CH3 (–OTs) group, with an additional oxygen attached to sulfur and open valence on an oxygen.[3] In a chemical name, the term tosylate may either refer to the salts containing the anion of p-toluenesulfonic acid, TsO−M+ (e.g., sodium p-toluenesulfonate), or it may refer to esters of p-toluenesulfonic acid, TsOR (R = organyl group).

Applications

For SN2 reactions, alkyl alcohols can also be converted to alkyl tosylates, often through addition of tosyl chloride. In this reaction, the lone pair of the alcohol oxygen attacks the sulfur of the tosyl chloride, displacing the chloride and forming the tosylate with retention of reactant stereochemistry. This is useful because alcohols are poor leaving groups in SN2 reactions, in contrast to the tosylate group. It is the transformation of alkyl alcohols to alkyl tosylates that allows an SN2 reaction to occur in the presence of a good nucleophile.

A tosyl group can function as a protecting group in organic synthesis. Alcohols can be converted to tosylate groups so that they do not react. The tosylate group may later be converted back into an alcohol. The use of these functional groups is exemplified in organic synthesis of the drug tolterodine, wherein one of the steps a phenol group is protected as its tosylate and the primary alcohol as its nosylate. The latter is a leaving group for displacement by diisopropylamine:[4][nb 2]

Tolterodine synthesis

The tosyl group is also useful as a protecting group for amines. The resulting sulfonamide structure is extremely stable. It can be deprotected to reveal the amine using reductive or strongly acidic conditions.[5]

Amine protection – tosyl (Ts)

A tosylamide (toluenesulfonamide)

Tosyl (Ts) group is commonly used as a protecting group for amines in organic synthesis.

Most common amine protection methods

Most common amine deprotection methods

Closely related to the tosylates are the nosylates and brosylates, which are the abbreviated names for o- or p-nitrobenzenesulfonates and p-bromobenzenesulfonates, respectively.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In this article, "Ts", unless otherwise stated, means tosyl, not tennessine.
  2. ^ Reaction sequence: organic reduction of ethyl benzoylacetate by sodium borohydride to a diol, followed by Friedel-Crafts alkylation with p-cresol and iron(III) chloride to a phenol. The tosyl and nosyl groups are introduced as their respective chlorides with either sodium hydroxide or triethylamine as a base. The next step is nucleophilic displacement of the nosyl group by diisopropylamine, the remaining tosyl group is removed by another round of NaOH. Not shown: optical resolution by L-tartaric acid to optically pure (R)-isomer

References

  1. ^ Hess, Kurt; Pfleger, Robert (1933). "Tri‐tosylstärke, Di‐tosyl‐6‐jodstärke und Tri‐benzoylstärke. 4. Mitteilung über Stärke". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie. 507 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1002/jlac.19335070105. ISSN 0075-4617.
  2. ^ Levene, P. A.; Tipson, R. Stuart (1934-05-01). "THE STRUCTURE OF MONOTRITYL URIDINE". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 105 (2): 419–430. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)75553-1. ISSN 0021-9258.
  3. ^ Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2007). March's Advanced Organic Chemistry (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-471-72091-1.
  4. ^ De Castro, Kathlia A.; Ko, Jungnam; Park, Daejong; Park, Sungdae; Rhee, Hakjune (2007). "Reduction of Ethyl Benzoylacetate and Selective Protection of 2-(3-Hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl)-4-methylphenol: A New and Facile Synthesis of Tolterodine". Organic Process Research & Development. 11 (5): 918–921. doi:10.1021/op7001134.
  5. ^ Wuts, P. G. M.; Greene, T.W. (2006). Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. NY: J. Wiley. doi:10.1002/0470053488. ISBN 9780470053485.
  6. ^ Wuts, Peter G. M.; Greene, Theodora W. (2006). Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Fourth Edition - Wuts - Wiley Online Library. doi:10.1002/0470053488. ISBN 9780470053485. S2CID 83393227.
  7. ^ Haskell, Betty E.; Bowlus, Stephen B. (1976-01-01). "New synthesis of L-2-amino-3-oxalylaminopropionic acid, the Lathyrus sativus neurotoxin". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 41 (1): 159–160. doi:10.1021/jo00863a042. ISSN 0022-3263. PMID 1244456.
  8. ^ Sabitha, Gowravaram; Reddy, B. V. Subba; Abraham, Sunny; Yadav, J. S. (1999-02-19). "Deprotection of sulfonamides using iodotrimethylsilane". Tetrahedron Letters. 40 (8): 1569–1570. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(98)02646-X.
  9. ^ Vedejs, Edwin; Lin, Shouzhong (April 1994). "Deprotection of Arenesulfonamides with Samarium iodide". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 59 (7): 1602–1603. doi:10.1021/jo00086a005. ISSN 0022-3263.
  10. ^ Gold, Elijah H.; Babad, Esther. (1972-06-01). "Reductive cleavage of sulfonamides with sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminum hydride". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 37 (13): 2208–2210. doi:10.1021/jo00978a034. ISSN 0022-3263.