Tosk Albanian

"Tosk" redirects here. For the Star Trek related usage, see Captive Pursuit.
Tosk
toskërishtja
RegionAlbania, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Italy, Greece, Turkey
Native speakers
1.8 million (2011 census)[1]
Early form
Dialects
Albanian alphabet, formerly Elbasan
Language codes
ISO 639-3als
Glottologalba1268
tosk1239
Linguasphereto 55-AAA-ace 55-AAA-aca to 55-AAA-ace
A map showing Tosk speakers in the two palest shades of brown.

Tosk (Albanian definite form: toskërishtja) is the southern group of dialects of the Albanian language, spoken by the ethnographic group known as Tosks. The line of demarcation between Tosk and Gheg (the northern variety) is the Shkumbin River. Tosk is the basis of the standard Albanian language.

Major Tosk-speaking groups include the Myzeqars of Myzeqe, Labs of Labëria, Chams of Çamëria, Arvanites of Greece and the Arbëreshë of Italy, as well as the original inhabitants of Mandritsa in Bulgaria. In North Macedonia, there were approximately 3000 speakers in the early 1980s.[2]

Tosk features

  • Rhotacism: Proto-Albanian *-n- becomes -r- (e.g. rëra "sand")
  • Tosk dialects preserve the consonant sequences mb, ngj and nd which are assimilated to m, nj and n in Gheg.[3]
  • Proto-Albanian *ō becomes va.
  • Nasal vowels: There is a lack of nasal vowels in Tosk (e.g. sy "eye") and Late Proto-Albanian *â plus a nasal becomes ë (e.g. nëntë "nine").
  • e-vowel: The e becomes ë in some varieties in some words qën for qen in Vjosë.
  • ë-vowel: The ë may have several pronunciations depending on dialect: the ë is more backed in Labërisht dialects like that of Vuno, where mëz "foal" is [mʌz]). Final -ë drops in many Tosk dialects and lengthens the preceding vowel.
  • y-vowel: The y vowel often derounds to i in Labërisht, Çam, Arvanitika and Arbëresh (e.g. dy "two" becomes di).
  • Dh and Ll: These sounds may interchange in some words in some varieties.
  • H: This may drop in any position in some dialects.
  • Gl/Kl: Some varieties of Çam, Arberësh, and Arvanitika retain kl and gl in place of q and gj (e.g. gjuhë "tongue" is gluhë in Çam, gluhë in Siculo-Arberësh, and gljuhë in Arvanitika; "klumësh" for "qumësht" "milk" in Arbëresh).
  • Rr: Rr becomes r in some varieties.

Northern Tosk

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i y u
Close-mid e
Open-mid ɜ ɔ
Open a
IPA Description Written as
i Close front unrounded vowel i
y Close front rounded vowel y
e Close-mid front unrounded vowel e
a Open central unrounded vowel a
ɜ Open-mid central unrounded vowel ë
ɔ Open-mid back rounded vowel o
u Close back rounded vowel u
  • Mid sounds e, o can also be heard as [ɛ, o], in free variation.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ Tosk at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Fraenkel, Eran; Kramer, Christina Elizabeth (1993). Language Contact - Language Conflict. P. Lang. p. 36. ISBN 9780820416526. Thus, for example, even the small numbers of Tosk Albanians of southern North Macedonia (only approximately 3,000 in the early 1980s)
  3. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998). Albanian etymological dictionary. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004110243.
  4. ^ Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (16 August 2022). "Northern Tosk Albanian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association: 1–23. doi:10.1017/S0025100322000044. hdl:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f.
Tosk Albanian edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Read other articles:

Desi Bouterse

Biografi ini tidak memiliki sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak dapat dipastikan. Bantu memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan sumber tepercaya. Materi kontroversial atau trivial yang sumbernya tidak memadai atau tidak bisa dipercaya harus segera dihapus.Cari sumber: Desi Bouterse – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Desi BouterseNama dalam bahasa asli(nl) Desiré...

 

 

Patin jambal

Patin Jambal Pangasius djambalpelat ilustrasi Bleeker (1858) Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Siluriformes Famili: Pangasiidae Genus: Pangasius Spesies: P. djambal Nama binomial Pangasius djambalBleeker, 1846[1]:290 Sinonim[3] Pangasius bedado Roberts, 1999[2] Patin jambal, ikan jambal, atau juara (Pangasius djambal) adalah salah satu jenis ikan patin (Pangasiidae) dari genus Pangasius. Ikan yang tercatat menyebar ...

 

 

Gelombang dingin Asia Timur Januari 2016

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2016. Gelombang dingin Asia Timur Januari 2016Terbentuk22 Januari 2016 (2016-01-22)Hilang pada24 Januari 2016 (2016-01-24)Suhu terendah−46.8 °C (−52.2 °F) di sepanjang Mongolia Dalam, −18 °C (0 °F) di SeoulKorbanSekita...

Холокост на Украине

Часть серии статей о Холокосте Идеология и политика Расовая гигиена · Расовый антисемитизм · Нацистская расовая политика · Нюрнбергские расовые законы Шоа Лагеря смерти Белжец · Дахау · Майданек · Малый Тростенец · Маутхаузен ·&...

 

 

Devoleena Bhattacharjee

Devoleena BhattacharjeeDevoleena Bhattacharjee saat acara promosi DilwaleLahir22 Agustus 1985 (umur 38)Sivasagar, Assam, IndiaKebangsaan IndiaPekerjaanAktrisPenari BharatnatyamModelTahun aktif2011–sekarangDikenal atasGopi Ahem Modi/Gopi Jaggi Modi (Saath Nibhaana Saathiya) Devoleena Bhattacharjee adalah seorang aktris India dan seorang penari Bharatnatyam yang terlatih.[1] Dia terkenal karena perannya sebagai Gopi Ahem Modi dalam program televisi Gopi. Dia adalah salah sa...

 

 

Domoprednate

Chemical compound DomoprednateClinical dataTrade namesStermonidOther namesRo 12-7024; 11β-Hydroxy-D-homopregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 17α-butyrateRoutes ofadministrationTopicalDrug classCorticosteroid; GlucocorticoidIdentifiers IUPAC name [(1R,4aS,4bS,10aR,10bS,11S,12aS)-1-Acetyl-11-hydroxy-10a,12a-dimethyl-8-oxo-2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,10b,11,12-decahydrochrysen-1-yl] butanoate CAS Number66877-67-6PubChem CID68868ChemSpider62100UNII910G0QIM2MChEMBLChEMBL2106538ECHA InfoCard100.060.441 Chemical and p...

Siklopentana

Siklopentana Nama Nama IUPAC Siklopentana Nama lain pentametilena Penanda Nomor CAS 287-92-3 Y Model 3D (JSmol) Gambar interaktif 3DMet {{{3DMet}}} ChEBI CHEBI:23492 Y ChemSpider 8896 Y Nomor EC PubChem CID 9253 Nomor RTECS {{{value}}} CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID6024886 InChI InChI=1S/C5H10/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1-5H2 YKey: RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C5H10/c1-2-4-5-3-1/h1-5H2Key: RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYAL SMILES C1CCCC1 Sifat Rumus kimia C5H10 Ma...

 

 

Chiesa di Santa Caterina (Livorno)

Chiesa di Santa Caterina da SienaL'esternoStato Italia RegioneToscana LocalitàLivorno IndirizzoVia del Forte San Pietro, 2 Coordinate43°33′17.64″N 10°18′29.63″E / 43.5549°N 10.30823°E43.5549; 10.30823Coordinate: 43°33′17.64″N 10°18′29.63″E / 43.5549°N 10.30823°E43.5549; 10.30823 Religionecattolica di rito romano TitolareCaterina da Siena Diocesi Livorno Consacrazione1753 ArchitettoGiovanni del Fantasia Stile architettonicobarocco I...

 

 

Tour d'Espagne 1973

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le cyclisme et l’Espagne. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Tour d'Espagne 1973GénéralitésCourse 28e Tour d'EspagneCompétition Super Prestige Pernod 1973 (d)Étapes 17 (+ 1 prologue)Date 26 avril - 13 mai 1973Distance 3 061,8 kmPays traversé(s) EspagneLieu de départ CalpLieu d'arrivée Saint-SébastienCoureurs au départ 80Coureurs à l'arri...

A Thousand Miles

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat 1000 Miles. A Thousand MilesSingel oleh Vanessa Carltondari album Be Not NobodySisi-BRed DittyDirilis12 Februari 2002 (2002-02-12)FormatCD singleGenrePop Baroquepop rockDurasi4:00LabelA&MPenciptaVanessa CarltonProduserRon FairCurtis SchweitzerKronologi singel Vanessa Carlton A Thousand Miles (2002) Ordinary Day (2002) A Thousand Miles (judul aslinya Interlude) adalah single debut yang ditulis dan direkam oleh penyanyi pop Amerika, Vanessa Carlton. Diproduks...

 

 

EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset

Registry of geographic reference systems Geodesy Fundamentals Geodesy Geodynamics Geomatics History Concepts Geographical distance Geoid Figure of the Earth (radius and circumference) Geodetic coordinates Geodetic datum Geodesic Horizontal position representation Latitude / Longitude Map projection Reference ellipsoid Satellite geodesy Spatial reference system Spatial relations Vertical positions Technologies Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs) Global Pos. System (GPS) GLONASS (Russia) ...

 

 

David Thomas Lenox

American judge David Lenox redirects here. Not be confused with David Lennox or Dave Lennox. David Thomas LenoxProbate Judge of Washington CountyIn office1850–1852 Personal detailsBornDecember 8, 1802Catskill, New York, U.S.DiedOctober 18, 1874(1874-10-18) (aged 71)Weston, Oregon, U.S.Resting placeWest Union Baptist Church Cemetery45°34′25″N 122°54′26″W / 45.573737°N 122.90733°W / 45.573737; -122.90733SpouseLouisa Swan David Thomas Lenox (December 8,...

Alan Stern

S. Alan SternLahir22 November 1957 (umur 66)New Orleans, Louisiana, A.S.KebangsaanAmerikaAlmamaterUniversitas Texas, AustinUniversitas Colorado, BoulderKarier ilmiahBidangAstrofisikateknik aerospaceIlmu pengetahuan planetariumInstitusiNASASouthwest Research Institute S. Alan Stern (kelahiran 22 November 1957, di New Orleans, Louisiana) adalah seorang ilmuwan planetarium Amerika. Ia adalah investigator prinsipal misi New Horizons ke Pluto dan Ketua Ilmuwan di Moon Express.[1][...

 

 

Demokrasi maya

Bagian dari seri PolitikDemokrasi  Portal Politiklbs Demokrasi Virtual adalah suatu bentuk kebebasan yang ada dalam dunia virtual. Dimana kata demokrasi sendiri memiliki arti suatu kebebasan. Demokrasi sering disebut dengan kata demokratis di mana suatu sistem yang dinyatakan demokratis memang memerlukan kompetensi demokrasi pada khalayaknya.[1] Maksudnya perlu adanya kemampuan tertentu yang dipunyai warga Negara dalam berdemokrasi, agar mereka dapat berfungsi dengan baik seb...

 

 

Сенат Канады

Сенат Канадыангл. Senate of Canadaфр. Sénat du Canada 42-й созыв Тип Тип верхняя палата парламента Канады Руководство Спикер Сената Джордж Фьюри, Беспартийный с 3 декабря 2015 (2015-12-03) Лидер правительства в Сенате Питер Хардер, Беспартийный с 23 марта 2016 (2016-03-23) Структура Членов 105 Фракц...

Ronald Plasterk

Ronald PlasterkRonald Plasterk nel 2012 Ministro dell'interno e delle relazioni con il Regno del Regno dei Paesi BassiDurata mandato5 novembre 2012 –26 ottobre 2017 Capo del governoMark Rutte PredecessoreLiesbeth Spies SuccessoreKajsa Ollongren Ministro dell'istruzione, della cultura e della scienza del Regno dei Paesi BassiDurata mandato22 febbraio 2007 –23 febbraio 2010 Capo del governoJan Peter Balkenende PredecessoreMaria van der Hoeven SuccessoreAndré Rou...

 

 

سو غرين (مبارزة بالسيف)

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) سو غرين معلومات شخصية الميلاد 26 يونيو 1950 (74 سنة)  مواطنة المملكة المتحدة  الحياة العملية المهنة مبارزة بالسيف  اللغات الإنجليزية  الرياضة مبارزة ال...

 

 

The Heart of Saturday Night

1974 studio album by Tom WaitsThe Heart of Saturday NightStudio album by Tom WaitsReleasedOctober 15, 1974 (1974-10-15)StudioWally Heider's Studio 3 (Hollywood)Genre Folk blues jazz[1] Length41:28LabelAsylumProducerBones HoweTom Waits chronology Closing Time(1973) The Heart of Saturday Night(1974) Nighthawks at the Diner(1975) Singles from The Heart of Saturday Night Blue Skies (non-album single)Released: October 1974 San Diego SerenadeReleased: 1975 The Heart ...

Gastroenterology

Branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders GastroenterologyIllustration of the digestive systemSystemGastrointestinalSignificant diseasesGastrointestinal cancers, Gastrointestinal bleeding, Liver cirrhosis, Gallstones, Gastroenteritis, Inflammatory bowel diseaseSignificant testsColonoscopy, Stool test, Barium swallows, EndoscopySpecialistGastroenterologistGlossaryGlossary of medicine GastroenterologistOccupationNames Physician Occupation typeSpecialtyActivity sectors...

 

 

Navsari district

District of Gujarat in IndiaNavsari districtDistrict of GujaratNational Salt Satyagraha Memorial near DandiInteractive Map Outlining Navsari DistrictLocation of district in GujaratCoordinates: 20°57′0″N 72°55′12″E / 20.95000°N 72.92000°E / 20.95000; 72.92000Country IndiaStateGujaratCollector & DMMs Ardra Agarwal IASHeadquartersNavsariArea • Total2,211 km2 (854 sq mi) • Rank31st in GujaratPopulation (2011 ...