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Timeline of women in mathematics
Timeline
Classical Age
18th Century
19th Century
20th Century
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
21st Century
2000s
2010s
2020s
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Timeline of women in mathematics
This is a timeline of
women in mathematics
.
Timeline
Classical Age
Before 350:
Pandrosion
, a
Greek
mathematician known for an approximate solution to
doubling the cube
and a simplified exact solution to the construction of the
geometric mean
.
[1]
c. 350–370 until 415: The lifetime of
Hypatia
, a Greek
Neoplatonist
philosopher in
Roman Egypt
who was the first well-documented woman in mathematics.
[2]
18th Century
1748: Italian mathematician
Maria Agnesi
published the first book discussing both differential and integral calculus, called
Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventù italiana
.
[3]
[4]
1759: French mathematician
Émilie du Châtelet
's translation and commentary on
Isaac Newton
’s work
Principia Mathematica
was published posthumously; it is still considered the standard French translation.
[5]
c. 1787 – 1797: Self-taught Chinese astronomer
Wang Zhenyi
published at least twelve books and multiple articles on astronomy and mathematics.
[6]
19th Century
1827: French mathematician
Sophie Germain
saw her
theorem
, known as
Sophie Germain's theorem
, published in a footnote of a book by the mathematician
Adrien-Marie Legendre
.
[7]
[8]
In this theorem Germain proved that if
x
,
y
, and
z
are integers and if
x
5
+
y
5
=
z
5
then either
x
,
y
, or
z
must be divisible by 5. Germain's theorem was a major step toward proving
Fermat's Last Theorem
for the case where n equals 5.
[7]
1829: The first public examination of an American girl in
geometry
was held.
[9]
1858:
Florence Nightingale
became the first female member of the
Royal Statistical Society
.
[10]
1873:
Sarah Woodhead
of Britain became the first woman to take the
Cambridge Mathematical Tripos
Exam, which she passed.
[11]
1874: Russian mathematician
Sofia Kovalevskaya
became the first woman in modern Europe to gain a doctorate in mathematics, which she earned from the
University of Göttingen
in Germany.
[12]
1880:
Charlotte Angas Scott
of Britain obtained special permission to take the
Cambridge Mathematical Tripos
Exam, as women were not normally allowed to sit for the exam. She came eighth on the Tripos of all students taking them, but due to her sex, the title of "eighth
wrangler
," a high honour, went officially to a male student.
[13]
At the ceremony, however, after the seventh wrangler had been announced, all the students in the audience shouted her name. Because she could not attend the award ceremony, Scott celebrated her accomplishment at Girton College where there were cheers and clapping at dinner, and a special evening ceremony where the students sang "
See the Conquering Hero Comes
", and she received an ode written by a staff member, and was crowned with laurels.
[13]
1885:
Charlotte Angas Scott
became the first British woman to receive a doctorate in mathematics, which she received from the
University of London
.
[14]
1886:
Winifred Edgerton Merrill
became the first American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics, which she earned from Columbia University.
[15]
1888: The
Kovalevskaya top
, one of a brief list of known examples of integrable rigid body motion, was discovered by
Sofia Kovalevskaya
.
[16]
[17]
1889:
Sofia Kovalevskaya
was appointed as the first female professor in Northern Europe, at the
University of Stockholm
.
[12]
[18]
1890:
Philippa Fawcett
of Britain
[19]
became the first woman to obtain the top score in the
Cambridge Mathematical Tripos
Exam. Her score was 13 per cent higher than the second highest score. When the women's list was announced, Fawcett was described as "above the
senior wrangler
", but she did not receive the title of senior wrangler, as at that time only men could receive degrees and therefore only men were eligible for the Senior Wrangler title.
[20]
[21]
1891:
Charlotte Angas Scott
of Britain became the first woman to join the
American Mathematical Society
, then called the New York Mathematical Society.
[22]
1891:
Cornelia Fabri
of Italy became the first woman to earn a doctorate in math from the
University of Pisa
.
[23]
1894:
Charlotte Angas Scott
of Britain became the first woman on the first Council of the
American Mathematical Society
.
[24]
1897: Four women attended the inaugural
International Congress of Mathematicians
in Zurich in 1897 -
Charlotte Angas Scott
, Iginia Massarini, Vera von Schiff, and
Charlotte Wedell
.
[25]
20th Century
1911: Swedish mathematician
Louise Petrén-Overton
became the first woman in Sweden with a doctorate in mathematics.
[26]
1913: American mathematician
Mildred Sanderson
earned her PhD for a thesis that included an important theorem about
modular invariants
.
[27]
1918: German mathematician
Emmy Noether
published Noether's (first) theorem, which states that any
differentiable
symmetry
of the
action
of a physical system has a corresponding
conservation law
.
[28]
1927: American mathematician
Anna Pell-Wheeler
became the first woman to present a lecture at the
American Mathematical Society
Colloquium.
[29]
[30]
1930:
Cecilia Kreiger
became the first woman to earn a PhD in mathematics in Canada, at the
University of Toronto
.
[31]
1930s: British mathematician
Mary Cartwright
proved her theorem, now known as
Cartwright's theorem
, which gives an estimate for the maximum modulus of an analytic function that takes the same value no more than p times in the unit disc. To prove the theorem she used a new approach, applying a technique introduced by
Lars Ahlfors
for conformal mappings.
[32]
1943:
Euphemia Haynes
became the first African-American woman to earn a Ph.D. in mathematics, which she earned from
Catholic University of America
.
[33]
1944:
Helen Walker
became the first female president of the
American Statistical Association
.
[34]
1949: American mathematician
Gertrude Mary Cox
became the first woman elected into the
International Statistical Institute
.
[35]
Also,
Maria Laura Lopes
obtained her PhD in Mathematics, being the first woman to obtain the title in Brazil.
1951:
Mary Cartwright
of Britain became the first female president of the
Mathematical Association
.
[36]
[32]
1956: American mathematician
Gladys West
began collecting data from satellites at the
Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
. Her calculations directly impacted the development of accurate
GPS systems
.
[37]
1960s
1960 and 1966: British mathematician
Lucy Joan Slater
published two books about the
hypergeometric functions
from the
Cambridge University Press
.
[38]
[39]
1961:
Mary Cartwright
of Britain became the first woman to be President of the
London Mathematical Society
.
[40]
1962: American mathematician
Mina Rees
became the first person to receive the Award for Distinguished Service to Mathematics from the
Mathematical Association of America
.
[41]
1963:
Grace Alele-Williams
became the first Nigerian woman to earn a Ph.D when she defended her thesis in Mathematics Education at the
University of Chicago
(
U.S.
)
[42]
[43]
1964:
Mary Cartwright
of Britain became the first woman to be given the
Sylvester Medal
of the
Royal Society
.
[40]
[44]
1965: Scottish mathematician
Elizabeth McHarg
became the first female president of the
Edinburgh Mathematical Society
.
[45]
[46]
1966: American mathematician
Mary L. Boas
published
Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences
, which was still widely used in college classrooms as of 1999.
[47]
[48]
[49]
1968:
Mary Cartwright
of Britain became the first woman to be given the
De Morgan Medal
, the
London Mathematical Society
’s premier award.
[50]
[44]
1970s
1970: American mathematician
Mina Rees
became the first female president of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science
.
[51]
1971: American mathematician
Mary Ellen Rudin
constructed the first
Dowker space
.
[52]
[53]
1971: The
Association for Women in Mathematics
(AWM) was founded. It is a professional society whose mission is to encourage women and girls to study and to have active careers in the mathematical sciences, and to promote equal opportunity for and the equal treatment of women and girls in the mathematical sciences. It is incorporated in the state of Massachusetts.
[54]
1971: The
American Mathematical Society
established its
Joint Committee on Women in the Mathematical Sciences
(JCW), which later became a joint committee of multiple scholarly societies.
[55]
1973: American mathematician
Jean Taylor
published her dissertation on "Regularity of the Singular Set of Two-Dimensional Area-Minimizing Flat Chains Modulo 3 in R3" which solved a long-standing problem about length and smoothness of soap-film triple function curves.
[56]
1974: American mathematician
Joan Birman
published the book
Braids, Links, and Mapping Class Groups
. It has become a standard introduction, with many of today's researchers having learned the subject through it.
[57]
1975: American mathematician
Julia Robinson
became the first female mathematician elected to the
National Academy of Sciences
.
[58]
[59]
1975:
Stella Cunliffe
became the first female president of the
Royal Statistical Society
.
[10]
1976-1977:
Marjorie Rice
, an amateur American mathematician, discovered four new types of
tessellating
pentagons in 1976 and 1977.
[60]
[61]
[62]
1979: American mathematician
Dorothy Lewis Bernstein
became the first female president of the
Mathematical Association of America
.
[63]
1979: American mathematician
Mary Ellen Rudin
became the first woman to present the
Mathematical Association of America
’s
Earle Raymond Hedrick
Lectures, intended to showcase skilled expositors and enrich the understanding of instructors of college-level mathematics.
[53]
[29]
1980s
1980:
Joséphine Guidy Wandja
, from the
Ivory Coast
, became the first African woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics.
[64]
[65]
1981: Canadian-American mathematician
Cathleen Morawetz
became the first woman to give the
Gibbs Lecture
of the
American Mathematical Society
.
[66]
1981: American mathematician
Doris Schattschneider
became the first female editor of
Mathematics Magazine
, a refereed bimonthly publication of the
Mathematical Association of America
.
[67]
[68]
1982: Rebecca Walo Omana became the first female mathematics professor in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
.
[69]
[70]
1983: American mathematician
Julia Robinson
was elected the first female president of the
American Mathematical Society
for the term of 1983-1984 (but was unable to complete her term as she was suffering from leukemia),
[59]
[71]
and became the first female mathematician to be awarded a
MacArthur Fellowship
.
[29]
1986:
European Women in Mathematics
(EWM) was founded as an organization in 1986 by
Bodil Branner
,
Caroline Series
,
Gudrun Kalmbach
,
Marie-Françoise Roy
, and
Dona Strauss
, inspired by the activities of the
Association for Women in Mathematics
in the USA.
[72]
It is the "first and best known" of several organizations devoted to women in mathematics in Europe.
[73]
1987:
Eileen Poiani
became the first female president of
Pi Mu Epsilon
.
[74]
1988: American mathematician
Doris Schattschneider
became the first woman to present the
Mathematical Association of America
’s J. Sutherland Frame Lectures.
[29]
[75]
1990s
1992: Australian mathematician
Cheryl Praeger
became the first female President of the
Australian Mathematical Society
.
[76]
1992: American mathematician
Gloria Gilmer
became the first woman to deliver a major
National Association of Mathematicians
lecture (it was the Cox-Talbot address).
[77]
1995: American mathematician
Margaret Wright
became the first female president of the
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
.
[29]
[78]
1995: Israeli-Canadian mathematician
Leah Edelstein-Keshet
became the first female president of the
Society for Mathematical Biology
.
[79]
1995:
Ina Kersten
became the president of the
German Mathematical Society
, which meant she was the first woman to head the society.
[80]
[81]
1996: American mathematician
Joan Birman
became the first woman to receive the
Mathematical Association of America
’s
Chauvenet Prize
.
[82]
[29]
1996:
Katherine Heinrich
became the first female President of the
Canadian Mathematical Society
.
[83]
1996:
Ioana Dumitriu
, a New York University sophomore from Romania, became the first woman to be named a
Putnam Fellow
.
[84]
Putnam Fellows are the top five (or six, in case of a tie) scorers on The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition.
[85]
[86]
1998:
Bodil Branner
was the first woman to lead the
Danish Mathematical Society
, which she did from 1998 to 2002.
[87]
1998:
Melanie Wood
became the first female American to make the U.S. International Math Olympiad Team. She won silver medals in the 1998 and 1999 International Mathematical Olympiads.
[88]
21st Century
2000s
2002:
Susan Howson
became the first woman to be given the
Adams Prize
, given annually by the
University of Cambridge
to a British mathematician under the age of 40.
[89]
2002:
Melanie Wood
became the first American woman and second woman overall to be named a Putnam Fellow in 2002. Putnam Fellows are the top five (or six, in case of a tie) scorers on
William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition
.
[85]
[86]
2004: American
Melanie Wood
became the first woman to win the Frank and Brennie Morgan Prize for Outstanding Research in Mathematics by an Undergraduate Student. It is an annual award given to an undergraduate student in the US, Canada, or Mexico who demonstrates superior mathematics research.
[90]
[88]
2004: American
Alison Miller
became the first female gold medal winner on the U.S.
International Mathematical Olympiad
Team.
[91]
[92]
2006: Polish-Canadian mathematician
Nicole Tomczak-Jaegermann
became the first woman to win the
CRM-Fields-PIMS prize
.
[93]
[94]
[95]
2006:
Stefanie Petermichl
, a German
mathematical analyst
then at the
University of Texas
at Austin, became the first woman to win the
Salem Prize
, an annual award given to young mathematicians who have worked in
Raphael Salem
's field of interest, chiefly topics in analysis related to Fourier series.
[96]
[29]
She shared the prize with
Artur Avila
.
[97]
[29]
2006: When
Olga Gil Medrano
became president of the
Royal Spanish Mathematical Society
in 2006, she was the first woman elected to that position.
[98]
2010s
2011: Belgian mathematician
Ingrid Daubechies
became the first female president of the
International Mathematical Union
.
[99]
2012: Latvian mathematician
Daina Taimina
became the first woman to win the
Euler Book Prize
, for her 2009 book
Crocheting Adventures with Hyperbolic Planes
.
[100]
[101]
2012: The
Working Committee for Women in Mathematics
, Chinese Mathematical Society (WCWM-CMS) was founded; it is a national non-profit academic organization in which female mathematicians who are engaged in research, teaching, and applications of mathematics can share their scientific research through academic exchanges both in China and abroad.
[102]
It is one of the branches of the
Chinese Mathematical Society
(CMS).
[102]
2013: The
African Women in Mathematics Association
was founded. This professional organization with over 300 members promotes mathematics to African women and girls and supports female mathematicians.
[103]
[104]
2014:
Maryam Mirzakhani
became the first woman as well as the first Iranian to be awarded the
Fields Medal
, which she was awarded for "her outstanding contributions to the dynamics and geometry of
Riemann surfaces
and their moduli spaces."
[105]
[106]
[107]
That year the Fields Medal was also awarded to
Martin Hairer
,
Manjul Bhargava
, and
Artur Avila
.
[108]
It is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians not over 40 years of age at each
International Congress
of the
International Mathematical Union
, and is often viewed as the greatest honor a mathematician can receive.
[109]
[110]
2016: French mathematician
Claire Voisin
received the
CNRS Gold medal
, the highest scientific research award in France.
[111]
2016: The
London Mathematical Society
's Women in Mathematics Committee was awarded the
Royal Society
's inaugural Athena Prize.
[112]
2017:
Nouzha El Yacoubi
became the first female president of the
African Mathematical Union
.
[113]
2019: American mathematician
Karen Uhlenbeck
became the first woman to win the
Abel Prize
, with the award committee citing "the fundamental impact of her work on analysis, geometry and mathematical physics."
[114]
2019: Marissa Kawehi Loving became the first
Native Hawaiian
woman to earn a PhD in mathematics when she graduated from the
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
in 2019. In addition to being Native Hawaiian, she is also black, Japanese, and Puerto Rican.
[115]
2020s
2022:
Maryna Viazovska
was awarded the
Fields Medal
in July 2022, making her the second woman (after
Maryam Mirzakhani
), the second person
born in the Ukrainian SSR
and the first with a degree from a Ukrainian university to ever receive it.
[116]
[117]
[118]
That year the Fields Medal was also awarded to
Hugo Duminil-Copin
,
June Huh
, and
James Maynard
.
[119]
The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians not over 40 years of age at each
International Congress
of the
International Mathematical Union
, and is often viewed as the greatest honor a mathematician can receive.
[109]
[110]
2023:
Ingrid Daubechies
was awarded the
Wolf Prize in Mathematics
in February 2023, becoming the first woman to receive this award.
[120]
See also
List of women in mathematics
Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States
Timeline of mathematics
Timeline of mathematical innovation in South and West Asia
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