Timeline of piracy in the Bay of Honduras

17°31′42″N 86°37′16″W / 17.528319126659124°N 86.6210068303292°W / 17.528319126659124; -86.6210068303292 (Bay of Honduras)

A view of Truxillo Bay and city on the coast of Honduras / 1796 lithograph by Thomas Bowen / via LC
A draught of the Bay of Honduras and part of the Musquetto Shore (1764 by G. Robertson)
A draught of the Bay of Honduras and part of the Musquetto Shore / 1764 draught by G. Robertson / via LC

Pirates, privateers, corsairs, and buccaneers were active in the Bay of Honduras from the 1540s to the 1860s. This is an annotated, chronological list of such events, with sortable tables provided.

Prelude

1500s

1502

1508

1510s

sine datum

  • s.d. – s.d.: Cuban slaving expeditions to the Bay Islands.[4]

1518

1520s

1524

1525

1526

1528

1530s

1532

1537

1540s

sine datum

1544

1546

1550s

1550

16th century

1540s

1544

1550s

1558

  • s.d. – s.d. of 1560: French corsairs raid Truxillo thrice, Puerto Caballos once, and a nearby settlement called Monguiche once.[24]
  • start of March – end of June: Two-hundred French corsairs, aboard two ships, raid Puerto Caballos.[25][26]

1560s

1561

  • s.d. – s.d.: French corsairs raid Puerto Caballos and Truxillo.[27][28][29]

1570s

1571

  • start of January – mid-April: Chuetot, with 50 men aboard a ship from Honfleut, cruises the Bay.[30]

1572

  • 13 January – 13 January: Lutheran pirates or privateers, aboard three ships and a chalupa, raid Puerto Caballos.[31]

1573

1575

  • 9 May – 9 May: French corsairs, aboard two zabras, raid Puerto Caballos and Truxillo.[31]

1576

  • start of July – end of December: Andrew Barker, with William Coxe, Philip Roche, and 70 men aboard the Ragged Staffe and Beare, raids Truxillo, but is eventually repulsed.[34][35][36][37][38]

1577

  • start of October – end of April of 1578: An English pirate or privateer (called Francisco de Acles by the Spanish), with 60 men aboard two ships, cruise the Bay, further sacking Puerto Caballos and Bacalar.[39][40][41][42]

1578

  • mid-February – mid-March: William Coxe, with 35 men, cruises the Bay.[43]

1580s

1580

  • start of May – end of May: French corsairs or English pirates or privateers (possibly) cruise the northern half of the Bay (off the Yucatan peninsula).[44]

1590s

1592

1593

  • start of March – end of December: The Count of Cumberland, with some 125 men aboard the Anthony and the Discovery, attempts to raid Puerto de Caballos, but is shortly repulsed.[51][52]

1594

  • start of January – end of June: Christopher Newport and John Burg attempt to raid Puerto de Caballos, but are shortly repulsed, whereupon Newport cruises the Bay with John Middleton.[47][53]
  • 15 May – 15 May: William Parker and Jérémie Raymond, with four ships, two frigates, and three pinnaces, raid Puerto de Caballos or Truxillo.[54][55]

1595

  • s.d. – s.d.: English pirates or privateers, in consort with French corsairs, capture Truxillo.[56]
  • s.d. – s.d.: An English pirate or privateer, in consort with a French corsair (the former called Rocharte, the latter Jeremías, by the Spanish), attempt to raid Puerto de Caballos, but upon failing, raid settlements in the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter water in Utila, where they are repulsed.[56]
  • start of May – end of May: William Parker, aboard one ship, three consorts, and two pinnaces, (again) raids Puerto de Caballos, further cruising the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter rendezvousing with Benjamin Wood and Wentworth [captains under Robert Dudley] at Guanaxa, whereupon they all raid and occupy Truxillo.[54][57][56]
  • start of July – end of July: Jérémie Raymond, with three ships, a pinnace, and a galliot, raids and burns Puerto de Caballos, further cruising the Golfo Dulce, and thereafter retiring to Utila, where the crew are surprised by a Spanish force out of Truxillo.[58][59]

1597

17th century

1600s

1601

  • s.d. – s.d.: Pirates or privateers aboard four vessels (possibly) cruise the Bay (off the Yucatan peninsula).[63][64]

1602

1603

1604

1606

  • s.d. – s.d.: Six English pirates or privateers, aboard a frigate, raid Puerto Caballos, and march towards an inland settlement called Xequexa, were they are apprehended.[72]
  • start of January – end of June: Dutch privateers harass Spanish galleons at Santo Tomas de Castilla, and further attempt to raid the settlement, but are repulsed.[73][74][63]

1607

  • s.d. – s.d.: Dutch privateers or pirates raid Santo Tomas de Castilla and Puerto de Caballos.[75][76][77]

1610s

1610

  • s.d. – s.d.: Dutch privateers or pirates raid Puerto de Caballos.[78]

1613

  • s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch or French privateers or pirates raid Truxillo.[78]

1616

  • s.d. – s.d.: English privateer or buccaneer, Quinn, seeks to plant settlement in Providence Island.[79]

1617

  • s.d. – s.d.: English privateers raid Bacalar.[80][note 5]

1620s

1621

1630s

sine datum

  • s.d. – s.d.: Spanish residents of the Bay begin illicitly trading with Dutch and English ships at port.[81][82][83][84]
  • s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French buccaneers or pirates begin abducting Amerindian residents of the Bay for sale at non-Spanish slave markets.[85][86][note 6]

1630

1631

  • s.d. – s.d.: Providence Island colony's charter is expanded to encompass the Bay.[90]

1632

  • s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French privateers or pirates raid Truxillo.[68]

1633

1634

  • start of February – third quarter of following year: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers cruise the Bay.[96][97][98]

1635

  • 27 December – 29 January in following year: Providence Island colony granted letters of reprisal against the Spanish.[99][100][101]

1636

  • 22 January – 22 January: Armada de Barlovento established.[102][103][104][note 8]
  • start of March – end of May: Providence Island colony commissions privateers William Rous, John Leicester, Cornelius Billinger, Giles Mersh, and William Woodcock, instructing them (among other things) to impress Spanish pilots, including those familiar with the Bay.[105][106][107][note 9]
  • start of April – mid-May: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Nacre or Neckere, leads 60 English and 100 Miskitu men on an (unsuccessful) march on Truxillo, and thereafter cruises the Bay on a frigate with 25 to 30 men.[108]
  • mid-May – end of May: Yucatan forbids the storing of logwood on beaches.[citation needed]

1637

  • start of September – end of September: Thomas Newman cruises the Bay aboard a ship and two small craft.[109][110]

1638

1639

  • 10 February – 10 February: Diego el Mulato, aboard two ships, raids and scorches an Amerindian settlement on Guanaxa.[121]
  • start of May – end of September: Nathaniel Butler, with William Jackson, 200 English men and an unknown number of Miskitu allies, aboard two ships, under commission of the Providence Island colony, attempts unsuccessful raid of Truxillo.[122][123][124][125][126][127]
  • start of September – mid-September: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, with Alonso Gaitan and Amerindian allies from Guanaxa, raid and scorch an Amerindian settlement on Roatan.[128]
  • mid-December – 3 January of following year: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, aboard four ships, cruise the Bay.[129]

1640s

sine datum

  • s.d. – s.d.: English buccaneers or Baymen settle Roatan.[citation needed]

1640

  • start of March – end of March: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers, aboard eight craft, raid and assault Truxillo and a number of Amerindian settlements on Lake Izabal and Utila.[130][76]

1641

1642

  • start of March – end of April: Diego el Mulato attempts to raid Amerindian settlements on the Ulua River, but upon failing to do so, raids Puerto de Caballos.[135][136]
  • 22 November – 22 November: Diego el Mulato, with 70 men, raids Bacalar and nearby Maya settlements (north of the Monkey River).[137][138][139]

1643

1644

1645

  • s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch pirates, with 1,600 men aboard sixteen ships, raid Truxillo.[76]

1646

  • s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch pirates raid settlements in Guanaxa.[68]

1648

  • s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch pirates raid Truxillo.[68]
  • start of June – end of June: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Abraham, raids Bacalar.[143][144]

1650s

sine datum

1650

  • mid-July – end of July: Spanish oust English buccaneers-turned-settlers from Roatan.[163][164][165][166]

1652

  • 29 May – 29 May: English or Dutch privateer or buccaneer, Abraham, (again) raids Bacalar.[167][168]
  • start of November – end of November: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers raid Maya settlements on the New River.[169]

1654

  • 23 October – 23 October: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers interrupt a Bacalar entrada by Francisco Pérez near the Belize River.[169]

1659

  • s.d. – s.d.: English or Dutch privateers or buccaneers impress or enslave a number of residents of Maya settlements near Bacalar.[170]

1660s

sine datum

1660

1662

  • 11 December – 11 December: The Council of Jamaica resolve to carry on trade with Spaniards in the Bay (among others), by force of arms if necessary.[173][174]

1665

  • s.d. – s.d.: The Armada de Barlovento is reformed.[175]
  • 19 March – 29 June: John Morris, David Martien, Henry Morgan, Jacob Fackman, and a certain Freeman cruise the Bay, and further raid Truxillo and a number of Spanish or Amerindian coastal settlements in the Bay.[176]

1667

  • start of June – end of June of following year: François l'Olonnais, with Mozes van Klijn, harasses Spanish shipping in the Bay, sacks Puerto de Caballos, and further attempts raids of nearby Spanish settlements.[177][178][179]

1670s

1672

  • s.d. – s.d.: English, French, or Dutch pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo and nearby Esparza.[180]
  • 22 June – 22 June: English logging in Spanish dominions (including the Bay) is deemed piracy by real cédula.[181][182]

1676

  • s.d. – s.d.: French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo.[183]

1677

1678

  • s.d. – s.d.: English, French, or Dutch pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid Truxillo and nearby Verapaz.[180]

1679

  • 26 September – 26 September: John Coxon captures a Spanish merchant vessel laden with indigo, possibly in the Bay.[186][187][188]

1680s

1680

1682

  • start of January – end of May: Jean Hamlin surprises English shipping in the Bay.[191]

1683

1684

  • 27 April – 5 May: Dutch pirates or privateers raid Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.[76][196][197]

1685

  • start of January – end of September: Laurens de Graaf and Michel de Grammont, with Jan Willems, Michiel Andrieszoon, George Bannister, and Pierre Bot, cruise the Bay.[198][199][200][201]

1686

  • s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid or attack Spanish settlements on Lake Izabal.[202]
  • start of March – end of March: Laurens de Graaf raids Spanish or Maya settlements in the Bay of Ascension, after which they cruise the Bay.[203]

1687

  • s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates, privateers or buccaneers raid or attack Bodegas del Golfo, Olancho, and Santo Tomas de Castilla.[204]

1688

  • start of February – end of February: Jan Willems and Jacob Evertson surprise Spanish shipping in the Bay.[205]

1690s

1690

  • s.d. – s.d.: English, Dutch, or French pirates raid Spanish or Amerindian settlements in the Bay of Amatique.[206]

1694

  • 16 November – end of February following: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River.[207][208]

18th century

1700s

1705

1707

  • start of January – end of September: English buccaneers-turned-Baymen raid or attack Tipu.[210][211]

1710s

1718

1720s

1721

  • start of January – mid-April: Vernon of Jamaica, captain of a merchant ship, arrests Charles Vane, possibly within the Bay.[216]

1722

1723

1724

  • start of March – end of March: Francis Spriggs, with about 40 men aboard the Bachelor's Delight, surprises merchant captains Samuel Pick Jr. (of Rhode Island), Dixxe Gross, William Wood, Thomas Morris, Simon Fulmore, James Nelley, and Hackins (of London) near Guanaxa.[236]
  • start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[237]
  • start of September – end of September: Francis Spriggs and Richard Shipton, with 85 men, surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed by HMS Diamond (James Windham captain).[238][239][240]
  • 23 December – 23 December: Francis Spriggs and Richard Shipton, with Nicholas Simmons, Jonathan Barlow, 10 English and three or four Afro-Caribbean men, aboard one periagua, surprise merchant captains Glen, Matthew Perry, and Ebenezer Kent in the Bay.[241][242]

1725

  • start of February – end of February: Francis Spriggs surprises English shipping in the Bay.[243]
  • 25 March – 5 April: Juan Antonio Díaz de la Rabia, with 90 men aboard a frigate, cruises near the Belize River, but is seized by HMS Diamond (Timothy Bridge lieutenant).[244][245][246]

1727

  • start of January – end of January: Baymen, with about 100 Miskitu allies aboard several small craft, raid Chunhuhub, Tela, and Tihosuco in the Bay of Ascension.[247][211][248][249][250]
  • start of March – end of June: Spanish re-settle Bacalar as a military post.[251][252][249]
  • 25 May – 25 May: Spanish privateers aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captain Rickets in the Bay.[253]

1728

  • start of November – end of November: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[254]

1729

  • s.d. – s.d.: Spanish begin construction of Fort San Felipe at Bacalar.[249]
  • s.d. – s.d.: English, French, or Dutch privateers or pirates raid Puerto de Caballos.[255]
  • start of February – end of February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[256]

1730s

1730

  • start of February – end of February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River, but are repulsed by merchant captain Burrows and Baymen.[257]

1731

  • start of January – end of January: Eighty Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain John Young (of New York) in the Bay.[258][259]
  • 24 March – 24 March: Pedro Polis, with 60 men aboard a guardacostas, surprises the John and Jane (Ed. Burt captain, about 30 men and some women onboard) near the Turneffe Atoll, but is eventually repulsed.[260][261][262]
  • 28 June – 28 June: Twenty-five Spanish privateers, aboard a sloop, surprise merchant captain Roger Groves (of New York), with 30 to 40 men, in the Bay.[263][264]
  • start of August – end of August: Spanish privateers, aboard a periagua, surprise English shipping in the Bay.[265]

1732

  • start of January – end of February: Seventy Spanish privateers, aboard a brigantine, surprise merchant captain Farrington (of Boston) in the Bay.[266]
  • start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers surprise a merchant captain Wickham in the Bay.[267]
  • start of August – end of August: Spanish privateers surprise a merchant captain Knox in the Bay.[268]
  • start of December – end of January of following year: Spanish privateers, with 330 to 340 men aboard a galley and two sloops, surprise merchant captains Hindman, Bradin, and Dutch in the Bay.[269][270][271]

1733

  • 10 March – 10 March: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[272][273]
  • start of December – end of January of following year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Underwood (of Boston) in the Bay.[274]

1734

  • start of September – end of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain William Downs in the Bay.[275]
  • 28 September – 11 October: Spanish privateers, with 120 men aboard two sloops and five periaguas, surprise merchant captains Ephraim Higgins, Richard Dursey (of Rhode Island), and Edmonds (of Boston) in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.[276]
  • start of November – end of November: Spanish privateers surprise a Dutch merchant fly boat in the Bay.[277]

1735

  • start of October – end of October: Spanish privateers, aboard two periaguas, surprise merchant captains Bond (of Boston), Smith (of Jamaica), Wickham (of Rhode Island), Pitman (of Rhode Island), and Cranston (of Rhode Island) in the Bay.[278][279]

1736

  • start of March – end of March: Spanish privateers, del Petro Polla and Philip Ackling, engage merchant captains Woodberry, Willis (of Jamaica), and John Davis in the Bay.[280][281]
  • 1 July – 22 November: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[282]

1737

  • 19 January – 19 January: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Belize River.[278][283]
  • 26 April – 26 April: Spanish privateers, with 500 to 600 men aboard a man of war, a galley, and five periaguas, surprise merchant captains Ralph Harle, John Ray, Blackadore, Hall, and Bennet near the Belize River.[284][285]
  • mid-August – end of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains John Thomas Woner, Maxey Drowse, and John Busley in the Bay.[286]

1738

  • 18 January – 18 January: Thirty Spanish privateers, aboard two or three periaguas, surprise merchant captain Ames Wadland near the Turneffe Atoll.[287]
  • start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers, aboard three large periaguas, surprise a merchant sloop in the Bay.[288]
  • start of July – end of July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Edward Buckley in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.[289]
  • 12 August – 12 August: Eighteen Spanish privateers, aboard a sloop, surprise merchant captain Stephen Bastwick in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.[286]

1739

  • 15 January – 15 January: Spanish privateers aboard a sloop surprise merchant captains Mark Anderson, John Guyn, and Zacariah Williams in the Bay.[290]
  • 1 February – 2 March: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Gwynn (of Boston) in the Bay.[291]
  • start of March – end of March: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Collis (of Rhode Island), Joseph Williams, Wiliam Barbour, Cobb, and Burges near Turneffe, but are shortly repulsed.[292][293][294][295]
  • start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers aboard a sloop surprise merchant captain Mark Anderson in the Bay.[296]
  • start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers, aboard two men of war and a half-galley, surprise English shipping in the Bay.[293]
  • start of September – end of September: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain White in the Bay.[297]
  • start of October – end of October: Twenty Spanish privateers, aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captains Pustle and Gowan in the Bay.[298]
  • start of October – end of February of following year: Holiday, with 75 men aboard a sloop, under commission from Jamaica, cruises against Spanish privateers in the Bay.[299]

1740s

1740

  • start of January – mid-April: A Jamaican privateer, with merchant captains Wilson and Gowan, seizes a Spanish privateer in the Bay.[300]
  • start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Sears in the Bay.[301]
  • start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise the John and Jane in the Bay, but are eventually repulsed by merchant captains Vincent (of Boston), Thatcher, and a number of Baymen aboard a small sloop.[302]
  • start of June – end of August: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Dunham, Montgomery, and Flowers in the Bay[303][304][305]

1741

  • start of February – end of February: Spanish privateers, with 110 men aboard two periaguas, surprise merchant captain Burchell in the Bay.[306]
  • start of April – end of May: Spanish privateers aboard two periaguas surprise merchant captains Bursley, Bunker, Johnston, Davis, Taylor, and Card in the Bay.[307]
  • start of June – end of June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain John Wise in the Bay.[308][309]
  • start of December – end of April of following year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Snow, Smith, Mason, and Humphreys in the Bay.[310]

1742

  • 1 January – 2 July: Ball of Boston surprises a Spanish privateer cruising in the Bay.[311]
  • start of July – end of August: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Charles Davidson and Coffin in the Bay.[312]

1744

  • start of March – end of March: Spanish privateers, aboard one vessel, surprise merchant captains Fiske, Bell, and Richardson in the Bay.[313][314]

1746

  • start of January – end of January: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping near the Turneffe Atoll.[315][316]
  • start of February – end of March: Spanish privateers, aboard a periagua, surprise merchant captain Small in the Bay.[317][318]

1747

  • start of May – end of June: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise English shipping off the Belize River.[319]
  • start of December – end of February of following year: Spanish privateers, aboard two craft, surprise a merchant schooner in the Bay.[320]

1748

  • start of January – end of January: Felipe López de la Flor, under commission from Yucatan, raids and scorches Barcadares and the Baymen's logging camps on the Belize River.[321][322]
  • start of July – end of July: Felipe López de la Flor (again) raids and scorches the Baymen's settlement and camps on the Belize River, but is eventually repulsed.[323]
  • start of August – end of September: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[324]

1750s

1750

  • 1 January – 3 August: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[325]
  • 6 May – 6 May: Spanish privateers, with 123 men aboard a galley, surprise merchant captains Vervel, Hysham, Kattur, and Brigs on the New River, but are shortly repulsed.[326][327][328]
  • 17 September – 17 September: Spanish privateers, aboard two half-galleys, surprise merchant captains Lilly and Riven in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.[329]

1751

  • s.d. – s.d.: Spanish settle Omoa as a military post, and (eventually) begin construction of Fortaleza de San Fernando.[330][331][332][333][334]
  • 25 December – 27 December: Spanish privateers, aboard two galleys and a brig, surprise English shipping near the Belize River and Water Caye, but are shortly repulsed by merchant captains Henry Stevenson, Troup, and others.[335][336][330]

1752

  • 13 February – 13 February: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Newgar on the Belize River.[337]
  • start of June – end of June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Devereux, Maudsley, Couzens, Mosely, and Rand in the Bay, but are eventually repulsed by William Pitt, Mosely, McNamara, 50 Baymen, and 70 Shoremen.[338][339][340][341][342][343]
  • start of August – end of August: Spanish privateers, aboard several craft or periaguas, surprise merchant captains James Man and John Lance in the Chetumal Bay.[344][345]
  • 2 August – 28 September: Spanish privateers, aboard six periaguas and a flat (later joined by captain Palmo with 76 men aboard a dorey and two periaguas), surprise merchant captains Crowel (of New York) and Hall (of Connecticut), who are later joined by captains Arnold and Hill, near Water Caye.[346][347][348]
  • start of October – end of October: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.[349]
  • start of December – end of December: Spanish privateers, aboard two brigs, surprise English shipping in the Bay.[350]
  • start of December – end of February of next year: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Philip Hotton of Connecticut and James Ward of Pennsylvania in the Bay.[351]
  • 4 December – 4 December: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.[352]

1753

  • start of January – end of January: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Telamon Phoenix, Conaway, and Spurrier in the Bay.[353]
  • start of January – end of January: Antonio Alexis, aboard a brig, surprises merchant captains Coverly, Conolly, Green, Lord, and Menzie in the Bay.[354]
  • 24 February – 24 February: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.[355]
  • 28 February – 28 February: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Clark in the Bay, but are shortly repulsed.[356]
  • start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers, aboard a brig, surprise merchant captain Ed. Menzies near Caye Bokell, but are shortly repulsed.[357]
  • 24 May – 24 May: Sergeant of Rhode Island, with merchant captains Lawrence, Brown, Dickson, and a number of Baymen, capture and burn a Spanish privateer.[358][359][360][361]
  • start of July – end of July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Dunscomb near Turneffe.[362]
  • 12 September – 12 September: Spanish privateers, with 170 men aboard a galley, surprise merchant captains Burger, French, and Menzie near Turneffe.[363]

1754

  • start of April – end of April: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Man near Glover's Reef.[364]
  • 23 May – 23 May: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captains Lawrence, Brown, and Dickson near Water Caye.[365]

1755

  • 14 May – 14 May: Baymen request and are granted a detachment of twenty British Army soldiers for their defence.[366]

1756

  • start of May – end of May: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Ebbets in the Bay.[367]

1770s

1770

  • start of July – end of July: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[368][369][370]

1771

  • start of June – end of July: Certain pirates are apprehended by the Baymen.[371]

1772

  • start of March – end of March: Spanish privateers surprise two merchant vessels in the Bay.[372]
  • 6 March – 6 March: Spanish privateers, aboard two guardacostas, surprise merchant captain Thermin near Glover's Reef.[373]

1773

  • start of March – end of July: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[374]

1775

  • start of January – end of February: Spanish privateers, aboard a guardacostas, surprise merchant captains Ward of South Carolina and Stamer near Glover's Reef.[375]

1777

1790s

1796

  • start of November – end of December: Spanish privateers surprise English shipping in the Bay.[382]

1797

  • start of June – end of June: English frigate, possibly of or with Baymen, raids Truxillo.[383]

19th century

1800s

1804

  • start of January – end of January: French privateers, aboard one vessel, surprise merchant captains Hurry and Hills near Turneffe.[384]
  • 1 July – 10 July: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Jonathan Card near Utila.[385]

1805

  • 1 August – 18 September: The Mary Anne, tender of HMS Swift (Smith lieutenant), captures a Spanish privateer or guardacostas.[386]

1806

  • start of January – end of August of following year: Felucca, a Spanish privateer, cruises off the Mullins River, but is eventually chased off by HMS Wolf (William Burn captain), HMS Gaelon, HMS Aurora, and a number of Baymen aboard a gunboat.[387]

1810s

1818

  • start of December – end of October of following year: Pirate Mitchell cruises near the Belize River.[388][389]

1819

1820s

1822

  • 2 November – 22 November: Francis Valpy, with 20 men aboard a schooner, raids a Baymen's settlement on Calabash Caye, and seizes a merchant brig near Glover's Reef.[392]

1823

1824

  • 31 March – 31 March: Pirates surprise a merchant schooner (Jeykill owner) in the Bay, and further massacre the crew.[394][395]

1850s

1858

  • 26 December – 26 December: American filibusters aboard the Susan are wrecked off Glover's Reef, whereupon the Superintendent of colonial Belize (forcibly) removes them to Mobile, Alabama, aboard HMS Basilisk.[396][397]

1859

  • 1 June – 17 June: Spanish privateers surprise merchant captain Gunn near Roatan.[398]

1860s

1860

  • 7 September – 17 September: HMS Icarus captures William Walker and a number of American filibusters, whereupon the Superintendent of colonial Belize turns them over to the (Hispanic) Honduran authorities at Truxillo.[399]

Tables

16th century

Timeline of 16th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.[note 15]
Floor Ceiling Place Event Party Party Notes
1 Nov 1544 31 Dec 1544 – Cruise Braques – with 22 French corsairs in a patax
1 Jan 1558 31 Dec 1560
  • Caballos
  • Monguiche
  • Trujillo
 Raid – – various French corsairs
1 Mar 1558 30 Jun 1560 Caballos Raid – – 200 French corsairs in two ships
1 Jan 1561 31 Dec 1561
  • Caballos
  • Trujillo
 Raid – – various French corsairs
1 Jan 1571 30 Apr 1571 – Cruise Chuetot – with 50 men in ship from Honfleut
13 Jan 1572 13 Jan 1572 Caballos Raid – – various Lutherans in three ships and a chalupa
23 Feb 1573 22 Mar 1573 Guanaxa Cruise Drake or Oxenham López Vaez in Minion or Bear
25 Mar 1573 25 Mar 1573 – – Noble López –
2 Apr 1575 5 Apr 1573
  • Caballos
  • Trujillo
  • Cruise
  • Raid
 Horseley – –
9 May 1575 9 May 1575
  • Caballos
  • Trujillo
 Raid – – various French corsairs in two zabras
1 Jul 1576 31 Dec 1576 Trujillo Raid Barker – with Coxe, Roche, and 70 men in Ragged Staffe and Beare
1 Oct 1577 30 Apr 1578
  • Bacalar
  • Caballos
  • Cruise
  • Raid
 Acles – with 60 men in two ships
1 Feb 1578 31 Mar 1578 – Cruise Coxe – with 35 men
1 May 1580 31 May 1580 – Cruise – – various English or French men
9 May 1592 30 Jun 1592
  • Caballos
  • Truxillo
 Raid Newport – with 200 men in the Golden Dragon, Prudence, Margaret, and Virgin
1 Mar 1593 31 Dec 1593 Caballos Raid Cumberland – with some 125 men in the Anthony and Discovery
1 Mar 1593 31 Dec 1593 Caballos Raid Cumberland – with some 125 men in the Anthony and Discovery
1 Jan 1594 30 Jun 1594 Caballos
  • Cruise
  • Raid
  • Newport
  • Burg
  • Middleton
 – –
15 May 1594 15 May 1594 Caballos or Truxillo Raid
  • Parker
  • Raymond
 – in nine vessels
1 Jan 1595 31 Dec 1595 Truxillo Raid – – various English and French men
1 Jan 1595 31 Dec 1595
  • Caballos
  • Golfo Dulce
  • Utila
  • Cruise
  • Raid
  • Rocharte
  • Jeremías
 – various English and French men
1 May 1595 31 May 1595
  • Caballos
  • Golfo Dulce
  • Guanaxa
  • Truxillo
  • Cruise
  • Raid
  • Parker
  • Wood
  • Wentworth
 – in six or seven vessels
1 Jul 1595 31 Jul 1595
  • Caballos
  • Golfo Dulce
  • Utila
  • Cruise
  • Raid
 Raymond – in five vessels
30 Mar 1597 15 Apr 1597
  • Caballos
  • Golfo Dulce
  • Truxillo
 Raid
  • Sherley
  • Parker
 – –

17th century

Timeline of 17th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.[note 16]
Floor Ceiling Place Event Party Party Notes
1 Jan 1601 31 Dec 1601 – Cruise – – various men in four vessels
1 Jan 1602 31 Dec 1602 Bluefields Cruise Blauvelt – –
16 Feb 1603 7 Mar 1603 Caballos Raid
  • Newport
  • Geare
 – –
1 Jan 1606 31 Dec 1606
  • Caballos
  • Xequexa
 Raid – – six English men in a frigate
1 Jan 1606 30 Jun 1606 Sto Tomas Raid – – various Dutch men
1 Jan 1607 31 Dec 1607
  • Caballos
  • Sto Tomas
 Raid – – various Dutch men
1 Jan 1610 31 Dec 1610 Caballos Raid – – various Dutch men
1 Jan 1613 31 Dec 1613 Truxillo Raid – – various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Jan 1616 31 Dec 1616 Providence Camp Quinn – –
1 Jan 1617 31 Dec 1617 Bacalar Raid – – various English men
3 Jun 1621 3 Jun 1621 Hague Charter West India Co – various Dutch men
1 Jan 1630 31 Dec 1639 – Smuggling – – by Spanish vecinos with Dutch and English ships
1 Jan 1630 31 Dec 1639 – Slaving – – of Amerindians by various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Jan 1630 31 Dec 1630 Truxillo Raid – – various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Jan 1630 31 Dec 1630 Tortuga Camp Hilton – –
4 Dec 1630 4 Dec 1630 London Charter Providence Island Co – various English men
1 Jan 1631 31 Dec 1631 London Charter Providence Island Co – charter territory expanded to Bay of Honduras
1 Jan 1632 31 Dec 1632 Truxillo Raid – – various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Jan 1633 31 Dec 1633 Tortuga Logging
  • Hilton
  • Chamberlain
 – of dye-woods
26 Apr 1633 18 Sep 1633 Truxillo Raid
  • Hoorn
 – with Mulato and Jol, for the West India Co
1 Feb 1634 30 Sep 1635 – Cruise – – various English or Dutch men
27 Dec 1635 29 Jan 1636 London Charter Providence Island Co – granted letters of reprisal against Spanish
22 Jan 1636 22 Jan 1636 Madrid Charter Armada de Barlovento – various Spanish men
1 Mar 1636 31 May 1636 Providence Charter Providence Island Co – various men commissioned as privateers
1 Apr 1636 31 May 1636 Truxillo
  • Cruise
  • Raid
 Nacre or Nackere – with (initially) 60 English and 100 Miskitu men, and (later) 25 to 30 men in a frigate
1 May 1636 31 May 1636 Merida Logging Governor – forbids laying logwood in open beaches
1 Sep 1637 30 Sep 1637 – Cruise Newman – in three vessels
1 Jan 1638 31 Dec 1638 Tipu Revolt – – including possible piratical aid
1 Jan 1638 31 Dec 1638 Barcadares Camp Wallace – –
1 Jan 1638 31 Dec 1638 Bennett's Lagoon Raid – – of Maya hamlets by various English or Dutch men
1 Mar 1638 30 Jun 1638 – Cruise Mulato – –
1 May 1638 31 May 1638 – Cruise – – various English or Dutch men in seven vessels
8 Jun 1638 8 Jun 1638 Providence Charter Providence Island Co – grant settlement charter for Roatan to Claiborne
10 Feb 1639 10 Feb 1639 Guanaxa Raid Mulato – in two ships
1 May 1639 30 Sep 1639 Truxillo Raid
  • Butler
  • Jackson
 – with 200 English and various Miskitu men, for Providence Island Co
1 Sep 1639 30 Sep 1639 Roatan Raid – – various English or Dutch men, with Gaitan and various Amerindian residents of Guanaxa
1 Dec 1639 3 Jan 1640 – Cruise – – various English or Dutch men in four ships
1 Jan 1640 31 Dec 1649 Roatan Camp – – various English men or Baymen
1 Mar 1640 31 Mar 1640
  • Lake Izabal
  • Truxillo
  • Utila
 Raid – – various English or Dutch men in eight vessels
1 Jan 1641 31 Dec 1641 Belize or Sittee River Raid – Fuensalida various Dutch men with Canche
1 Jan 1641 31 Dec 1641 Truxillo Raid Mulato – –
1 Mar 1642 30 Apr 1642
  • Caballos
  • Ulua River
 Raid Mulato – –
22 Nov 1642 22 Nov 1642
  • Bacalar
  • Monkey River
 Raid Mulato – with 70 men
20 Jul 1643 30 Sep 1643
  • Truxillo
  • Sto Tomas
 Raid Jackson – with Rous, Axe, Cromwell, and 1,200 men in six vessels
1 Jan 1644 31 Dec 1644
  • Amatique Bay
  • Bay Islands
 Raid – – various English or Dutch men
1 Jan 1644 31 Dec 1644 Lake Izabal Charter Governor – Spanish fort built
1 Jan 1645 31 Dec 1645 Truxillo Raid – – 1,600 English or Dutch men in sixteen ships
1 Jan 1646 31 Dec 1646 Guanaxa Raid – – various English or Dutch men
1 Jan 1648 31 Dec 1648 Truxillo Raid – – various English or Dutch men
1 Jun 1648 30 Jun 1648 Bacalar Raid Abraham – –
1 Jan 1650 31 Dec 1659 Barcadares Logging – – of logwood by various Baymen
1 Jan 1650 31 Dec 1659 – Slaving – – of Amerindians and Spaniards by Miskitu men with Baymen and Shoremen
1 Jul 1650 31 Jul 1650 Roatan Raid – – various Spanish men against English men, Baymen, or Shoremen
29 May 1652 29 May 1652 Bacalar Raid Abraham – –
1 Nov 1652 30 Nov 1652 New River Raid – – of Maya hamlets by English or Dutch men
23 Oct 1654 23 Oct 1654 Belize River Cruise – Pérez various English or Dutch men
1 Jan 1659 31 Dec 1659 Hondo River Raid – – of Maya hamlets by English or Dutch men
1 Jan 1660 31 Dec 1669 Pacha Raid – – various Englishmen or Baymen
1 Jan 1660 31 Dec 1660 Truxillo Raid Olonnais – –
11 Dec 1662 11 Dec 1662 Spanish Town Smuggling Council of Jamaica – resolve to force trade with Spaniards
1 Jan 1665 31 Dec 1665 Madrid Charter Armada de Barlovento – reformed
19 Mar 1665 29 Jun 1665
  • Truxillo
  • other
  • Cruise
  • Raid
  • Morris
  • Martien
  • Morgan
  • Fackman
  • Freeman
 – where other means various Spanish or Amerindian coastal settlements in the Bay of Honduras
1 Jun 1667 30 Jun 1668
  • Caballos
  • Golfo Dulce
  • Cruise
  • Raid
 Olonnais – with Klijn
1 Jan 1672 31 Dec 1672
  • Esparza
  • Truxillo
 Raid – – various English, French, or Dutch men
22 Jun 1672 22 Jun 1672 Madrid Charter Crown – real cédula deems logging by non-Spaniards piracy
1 Jan 1676 31 Dec 1676 Truxillo Raid – – various French men
1 Aug 1677 31 Aug 1677 Belize River
  • Cruise
  • Raid
 Sharpe Delgado –
1 Jan 1678 31 Dec 1678
  • Truxillo
  • Verapaz
 Raid – – various English, French, or Dutch men
26 Sep 1679 26 Sep 1679 – Cruise Coxon – captures indigo-laden Spanish merchant vessel
1 Jul 1680 31 Aug 1680 – Cruise Castro – with Corso and Nicolo, against English shipping
1 Jan 1682 31 May 1682 – Cruise Hamlin – against English shipping
17 May 1683 16 Jun 1683 – Cruise
  • Graaf
  • Andrieszoon
  • Hoorn
  • Grammont
  • Hall
  • Toccard
 – –
1 Dec 1683 31 Dec 1544 Lake Izabal Raid – – various Dutch men
27 Apr 1684 5 May 1684 Lake Izabal Raid – – various Dutch men
1 Jan 1685 30 Sep 1685 – Cruise
  • Graaf
  • Grammont
 – with Willems, Andrieszoon, Bannister, and Bot
1 Jan 1686 31 Dec 1686 Lake Izabal Raid – – various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Mar 1686 31 Mar 1686 Ascension Bay
  • Cruise
  • Raid
 Graaf – of Maya hamlets
1 Jan 1687 31 Dec 1687
  • Bodegas
  • Olancho
  • Sto Tomas
 Raid – – various English, Dutch, or French men
1 Feb 1688 29 Feb 1688 – Cruise
  • Willems
  • Evertson
 – against Spanish shipping
1 Jan 1690 31 Dec 1690 Amatique Bay Raid – – various English, Dutch, or French men
16 Nov 1694 28 Feb 1695 Belize River Raid – – various Spanish men against English shipping

18th century

Timeline of 18th century piracy in the Bay of Honduras.[note 17]
Floor Ceiling Place Event Party Party Notes
1 Nov 1705 30 Nov 1705 Chetumal Bay Cruise
  • Magdonel de Narión
  • Jiménez
 – with 30 men in two goletas
1 Jan 1707 30 Sep 1707 Tipu Raid – – various Baymen
1 Feb 1718 31 Mar 1718 Roatan Cruise Blackbeard Wade with some 180 English and 70 Afro-Caribbean men in three vessels
1 Apr 1718 9 Apr 1718 Turneffe Atoll Cruise Blackbeard
  • Harriot
  • Wyar
  • James
 with Bonnet, Richards, and Hands in two vessels
16 Dec 1718 23 Dec 1718 – Cruise Vane – with Deal, against English shipping
1 Jan 1721 30 Apr 1721 – Cruise Vernon Vane including arrest of Vane for piracy
10 Jan 1722 28 Feb 1722 Belize River Cruise Lowther – with Walkers and 80 to 90 men in two vessels, against English shipping
1 Aug 1722 31 Aug 1722 Belize River Cruise Anstis Dursey with Fenn in the Morning Star
1 Aug 1722 28 Feb 1723 Belize River Cruise Barca – with 50 men in two periaguas
1 Mar 1723 31 Mar 1723 Belize River
  • Raid
  • Massacre
  • Low
  • Lowther
 – with Lewis and some 50 men, against 50 to 60 Spanish privateers in one vessel
1 Mar 1724 31 Mar 1724 Guanaxa Cruise Spriggs
  • Pick Jr
  • Gross
  • Wood
  • Morris
  • Fulmore
  • Nelley
  • Hackins
 with some 40 men in the Bachelor's Delight
1 May 1724 31 May 1724 – Cruise – – various Spanish privateers
1 Sep 1724 30 Sep 1724 – Cruise
  • Spriggs
  • Shipton
 Windham with 85 men, against HMS Diamond
23 Dec 1724 23 Dec 1724 – Cruise
  • Spriggs
  • Shipton
  • Glen
  • Perry
  • Kent
 with Simmons, Barlow, 10 English and three or four Afro-Caribbean men in a periagua
1 Feb 1725 28 Feb 1725 – Cruise Spriggs – against English shipping
25 Mar 1725 5 Apr 1725 Belize River Cruise Díaz de la Rabia Bridge with 90 Spanish privateers in a frigate, against HMS Diamond
1 Jan 1727 31 Jan 1727 Ascension Bay Raid – – various Baymen with some 100 Miskitu men in several small craft
1 Mar 1727 30 Jun 1727 Bacalar Charter Governor – various Spanish vecinos re-settle as military post
25 May 1727 25 May 1727 – Cruise – Rickets various Spanish privateers in two periaguas
1 Nov 1728 30 Nov 1728 – Cruise – – various Spanish privateers
1 Jan 1729 31 Dec 1729 Bacalar Charter Governor – Spanish fort built
1 Jan 1729 31 Dec 1729 Caballos Raid – – various English, French, or Dutch men
1 Feb 1729 28 Feb 1729 – Cruise – – various Spanish privateers
1 Jan 1544 31 Dec 1544 – – – – –

19th century

Notes and references

Explanatory footnotes

  1. ^ Puerto de Caballos was abandoned in late 1524, resettled in 1525, abandoned shortly thereafter, and finally (permanently) settled sometime prior to 1544, per Meléndez Chaverri 1977, pp. 69–70.
  2. ^ It has been suggested that French corsairs were seeking to advance their country's cause during the Habsburg–Valois Wars (Chamberlain 1966, pp. 225).
  3. ^ Dated 1589 by Luján Muñoz 2005, p. 822 and Levy 1873, p. 37, though De la O Torres 2020, pp. 335–336 dates the first Flemish arrivals to the Caribbean Sea to the latter half of the 1590s, upon the arrival of an urca captained by Abraham of Madialbur. By 1616, a Flemish urca (which attacked Spanish Jamaica), was observed repeatedly watering near the San Adres Island and Cape Gracias a Dios, suggesting this area was by then a pirate haven, per De la O Torres 2020, p. 336 and González Díaz & Lázaro de la Escosura 2009, pp. 182–183.
  4. ^ Possibly in consort with Diego el Mulato and Cornelis Jol, per Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 822–823, or in consort with a French corsair, per De la O Torres 2020, pp. 334–334.
  5. ^ These further abduct Pedro Rojo, Antonio Gómez, and three other vecinos of Bacalar, per Jones 1989, p. 320.
  6. ^ This practice is thought to have lasted until c. 1665, per Bialuschewski 2020, p. 239.
  7. ^ Dated 1634 by Newton 1914, p. 212.
  8. ^ Dated 1598 by Hussey 1929, pp. 292–293, 296–297. On 1 November 1591, a real cédula instructs the Viceroy of Guatemala to raise taxes for an armada, per Rubio Sánchez 1987, pp. 131–132.
  9. ^ Providence Island's first privateers (the Blessing, the Expectation, and the Hopewell) were despatched in May 1636, per Newton 1914, p. 226. Their last privateers (the Swallow and the Spy) were despatched in July 1638, per Newton 1914, p. 266.
  10. ^ Onset of resistance to Bacalar dated 1630 by Gerhard 1979, p. 72.
  11. ^ This date is traditionally given for the first English settlement in present-day Belize (further see Finamore 1994, pp. 21–24). A variety of alternative dates, however, have been proposed. These range from 1603 (by Asturias 1925, pp. 8–9) to 1717 (by Carillo y Ancona 1878, pp. 260–261).
  12. ^ The use of logwood dyes in England was prohibited sometime during 21 March 1580 – 20 March 1581, per 23 Eliz. 1 ch. 9 (in Raithby 1819a, p. 671). The prohibition was strengthened in 1597, per 39 Eliz. 1 ch. 11 (in Raithby 1819a, pp. 911–912). It was loosened on 29 February 1620, per Green 1858, vol. 112, and finally lifted sometime during 7 January 1662 – 3 May 1662, per 14 Chas. 2 ch. 11 (in Raithby 1819b, pp. 393–400) and Green 1861, vol. 54 no. 12.
  13. ^ Surprised captains included Benjamin Edwards of Boston, Ayre of Connecticut, Hamilton of Jamaica, Christopher Atwel of England, Charles Harris of London, Henry Smith of Boston, Joseph Willis of London, and David Lindsey of Scotland, per Johnson 1724b, p. 358, anon. 1722a, anon. 1722b, anon. 1722c, anon. 1723c.
  14. ^ Surprised captains included Benjamin Norton, John Medberry, Jeremiah Clark, and Benjamin Wickham, all of Rhode Island, per anon. 1723a.
  15. ^ Citations, provided in relevant sections above, are here omitted for brevity. Failed piratical activities included. Floor and Ceiling columns provide chronological lower or upper bounds. "–" in the Place column means "in the Bay of Honduras." "–" in other columns means missing, unknown, or unavailable.
  16. ^ Citations, provided in relevant sections above, are here omitted for brevity. Failed piratical activities included. Floor and Ceiling columns provide chronological lower or upper bounds. "–" in the Place column means "in the Bay of Honduras." "–" in other columns means missing, unknown, or unavailable.
  17. ^ Citations, provided in relevant sections above, are here omitted for brevity. Failed piratical activities included. Floor and Ceiling columns provide chronological lower or upper bounds. "–" in the Place column means "in the Bay of Honduras." "–" in other columns means missing, unknown, or unavailable.

Short citations

  1. ^ Varela Marcos 2018a, eighth to sixteenth para.
  2. ^ Varela Marcos 2018b, thirty-third to forty-first para.
  3. ^ Arranz Márquez 2018, twelfth to twentieth para.
  4. ^ Chamberlain 1948, p. 11.
  5. ^ Chamberlain 1948, p. 16.
  6. ^ Chamberlain 1966, p. 11.
  7. ^ Meléndez Chaverri 1977, pp. 69–70.
  8. ^ a b Meléndez Chaverri 1977, p. 76.
  9. ^ Chamberlain 1948, p. 19.
  10. ^ García Bernal 2018, thirteenth to fourteenth para.
  11. ^ Chamberlain 1948, pp. 60–65.
  12. ^ Jones 1989, pp. 26–28.
  13. ^ Chamberlain 1948, pp. 119–124.
  14. ^ Jones 1989, pp. 38–39.
  15. ^ Meléndez Chaverri 1977, pp. 60–61.
  16. ^ McJunkin 1991, pp. 88–90, 104–107.
  17. ^ Chamberlain 1948, pp. 232–236.
  18. ^ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 5.
  19. ^ Jones 1989, pp. 5–6, 42, 45.
  20. ^ Chamberlain 1948, p. 257.
  21. ^ De la O Torres 2016, p. 43.
  22. ^ De la O Torres 2020, p. 183.
  23. ^ Chamberlain 1966, p. 225.
  24. ^ De la O Torres 2020, pp. 214–228.
  25. ^ Marley 2008a, p. 88.
  26. ^ Reichert 2016, pp. 120–121.
  27. ^ De la O Torres 2020, p. 217.
  28. ^ De la O Torres 2016, p. 50.
  29. ^ Huerga 2010, p. 153.
  30. ^ De la O Torres 2020, pp. 263–264.
  31. ^ a b De la O Torres 2020, p. 287.
  32. ^ Marley 2008a, pp. 102–103.
  33. ^ Wright 1932, pt. 1 doc. no 29.
  34. ^ Hakluyt 1600, pp. 528–530.
  35. ^ De la O Torres 2020, pp. 284–285.
  36. ^ Marley 2008a, pp. 105–107.
  37. ^ Wright 1932, pp. xlviii–lix.
  38. ^ Wright 1932, pt. 1 docs. nos. 36, 41, 45-47, 49, 50, 55, 57, 59, 60, 65; pt. 2 item no. 3.
  39. ^ De la O Torres 2020, pp. 285–286.
  40. ^ Wright 1932, pp. 102–108, 196–198.
  41. ^ Figueroa, Johnson & Goodwin 2021, pp. 186–187.
  42. ^ De la O Torres 2010, p. 104.
  43. ^ Marley 2008a, p. 107.
  44. ^ De la O Torres 2020, p. 288.
  45. ^ Hakluyt 1600, pp. 568–569.
  46. ^ Ransome 2004, first para.
  47. ^ a b De la O Torres 2020, p. 321.
  48. ^ Marley 2008a, pp. 124–126.
  49. ^ Wright 1951, pp. lxxxviii–lxxxix.
  50. ^ Wright 1951, doc. no. 89.
  51. ^ De la O Torres 2020, pp. 321–323.
  52. ^ Marley 2008a, pp. 127–129.
  53. ^ Marley 2008a, pp. 127–130.
  54. ^ a b Makepeace 2004, first para.
  55. ^ Marley 2008a, pp. 129–130.
  56. ^ a b c De la O Torres 2020, p. 335.
  57. ^ Marley 2008a, pp. 131, 134.
  58. ^ De la O Torres 2020, p. 334.
  59. ^ Marley 2008a, p. 135.
  60. ^ Hakluyt 1600, pp. 601–603.
  61. ^ Raiswell 2004, second sec.
  62. ^ De la O Torres 2020, pp. 327–329.
  63. ^ a b De la O Torres 2020, p. 336.
  64. ^ De la O Torres 2010, p. 115.
  65. ^ Reichert 2017, p. 23.
  66. ^ Marley 2008a, pp. 144–145.
  67. ^ Rodríguez del Valle 1960, pp. 17–18.
  68. ^ a b c d Luján Muñoz 2005, p. 472.
  69. ^ De la O Torres 2020, pp. 334–335.
  70. ^ Pardo 1944, pp. 27–35.
  71. ^ Meléndez Chaverri 1977, p. 70.
  72. ^ De la O Torres 2020, p. 331.
  73. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 472, 824.
  74. ^ Goslinga 1971, p. 152.
  75. ^ Fuentes y Guzmán 1933, pp. 307–308.
  76. ^ a b c d e Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 108, 472.
  77. ^ Zamora Castellanos 1941, p. 177.
  78. ^ a b Luján Muñoz 2005, p. 108.
  79. ^ Genkins 2018, pp. 51–53.
  80. ^ Jones 1989, p. 320, item no. 19.
  81. ^ MacLeod 1973, pp. 358–359, 462.
  82. ^ Zahedieh 1986, pp. 216–217.
  83. ^ Obando Andrade 2016, pp. 12–16.
  84. ^ García Paláez 1852, pp. 122–126.
  85. ^ Bialuschewski 2017.
  86. ^ Bialuschewski 2020, p. 239.
  87. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 108, 472, 825.
  88. ^ Newton 1914, p. 103.
  89. ^ Newton 1914, p. 86.
  90. ^ Genkins 2018, p. 69, footnote no. 55.
  91. ^ Newton 1914, pp. 152, 289.
  92. ^ Kupperman 1993, pp. 167, 310.
  93. ^ Goslinga 1971, p. 228.
  94. ^ Laet 1925, pp. 407–413.
  95. ^ Baudot 1986, p. 29, footnote no. 15.
  96. ^ Laet 1937, p. 190.
  97. ^ Goslinga 1971, p. 235.
  98. ^ Wright 1935, pp. *11-*12.
  99. ^ Newton 1914, p. 207.
  100. ^ Genkins 2018, pp. 85–86.
  101. ^ a b Offen 2011, p. 23.
  102. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, p. 826.
  103. ^ Lang 1994, p. 576.
  104. ^ Rojas Lima 2004, p. 130.
  105. ^ Newton 1914, pp. 224–226, 229, 230, 232.
  106. ^ Genkins 2018, pp. 87–88.
  107. ^ Offen 2011, p. 32.
  108. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 24–26, 111.
  109. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 31–33, 113.
  110. ^ Newton 1914, p. 263.
  111. ^ Jones 1989, pp. 189–191, 204–210.
  112. ^ López de Cogolludo 1688, lib. 11 cap. 12.
  113. ^ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 50.
  114. ^ Cárdenas Valencia 1937, p. 97.
  115. ^ anon. 1829, p. 40.
  116. ^ Jones 1989, p. 289, footnote no. 59.
  117. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 45–46, 112–114.
  118. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 47–48, 112.
  119. ^ Kupperman 1993, pp. 213, 280–281.
  120. ^ Newton 1914, pp. 267, 315.
  121. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 49–50, 115.
  122. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 59, 115.
  123. ^ Kupperman 1993, pp. 278–279.
  124. ^ Goslinga 1971, p. 554, item no. 76.
  125. ^ Offen 2011, pp. 28–29.
  126. ^ Newton 1914, p. 257.
  127. ^ Genkins 2018, p. 108.
  128. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 72, 115.
  129. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, p. 80.
  130. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 83–85, 117.
  131. ^ Jones 1989, p. 224, footnote no. 23.
  132. ^ López de Cogolludo 1688, pp. 653–656.
  133. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 85–87, 117.
  134. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 472, 826.
  135. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 87–88, 117.
  136. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 108, 826.
  137. ^ López de Cogolludo 1688, pp. 656–659.
  138. ^ Jones 1989, pp. 226–227.
  139. ^ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 112, footnote no. 382.
  140. ^ Cardona Amaya 2020, pp. 90, 118.
  141. ^ Harlow 1924, pp. xii–xix.
  142. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 472, 827.
  143. ^ López de Cogolludo 1688, pp. 714–717.
  144. ^ Molina Solís 1910, pp. 176, 211–212.
  145. ^ Vazquez Barke 2016, pp. 118, 145.
  146. ^ Finamore 1994, p. 21.
  147. ^ Molina Solís 1910, pp. 249–250, 265–267.
  148. ^ Calderón Quijano 1944, pp. 42, 45, 64.
  149. ^ Gerhard 1979, pp. 50–53.
  150. ^ Dampier 1700, pp. 45–47, 53, in second part.
  151. ^ Zahedieh 1986, pp. 215–216.
  152. ^ Aliphat Fernández & Caso Barrera 2013, pp. 858–861.
  153. ^ Zahedieh 1990, p. 155.
  154. ^ Joseph 1980, pp. 71–74.
  155. ^ Botella-Ordinas 2010, p. 144.
  156. ^ anon. 1732d.
  157. ^ Sloane 1707, pp. lxxxii–lxxxiii.
  158. ^ Sainsbury 1889, items nos. 823-826.
  159. ^ Ancona 1878, p. 371.
  160. ^ Sainsbury & Fortescue 1896, item no. 129.
  161. ^ Obando Andrade 2016, pp. 16–17.
  162. ^ Offen 2015, pp. 46–47.
  163. ^ Marley 2010a, p. 437.
  164. ^ Gibbs 1883, p. 25.
  165. ^ Juarres 1818, p. 164.
  166. ^ Fuentes y Guzmán 1933, pp. 331–339.
  167. ^ López de Cogolludo 1688, pp. 749–752.
  168. ^ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 114, footnote no. 390.
  169. ^ a b Jones 1989, p. 231, footnotes nos. 38-40.
  170. ^ a b Jones 1989, p. 334, item no. 10.
  171. ^ Gerhard 1979, p. 70.
  172. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 828.
  173. ^ Burdon 1931, p. 49.
  174. ^ Sainsbury 1880, item no. 390.
  175. ^ Lang 1994, p. 582.
  176. ^ Marley 2010a, pp. 137–139.
  177. ^ Marley 2008a, p. 263.
  178. ^ Marley 2010a, pp. 287–288, 389–390, 287–288.
  179. ^ Bialuschewski 2020, p. 243.
  180. ^ a b Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 472, 829.
  181. ^ Burdon 1931, pp. 53–54.
  182. ^ Anderson 2007, p. 211.
  183. ^ Rodríguez del Valle 1960, p. 33.
  184. ^ Bialuschewski 2017, pp. 52–53.
  185. ^ García Paláez 1852, pp. 127–129.
  186. ^ Sainsbury & Fortescue 1896, items nos. 1498, 1150, 1188, 1199, 1516.
  187. ^ Marley 2010a, p. 90.
  188. ^ Latimer 2009, p. 236.
  189. ^ Marley 2010a, pp. 73–74, 86.
  190. ^ Marley 2010a, p. 300.
  191. ^ Marley 2010, pp. 169–170, 377–378.
  192. ^ Marley 2010a, pp. 100–101, 158–159, 168–169, 381, 387–389.
  193. ^ Marley 2010b, pp. 824–825.
  194. ^ Latimer 2009, pp. 246–249.
  195. ^ Rodríguez del Valle 1960, pp. 40–41.
  196. ^ García Paláez 1852, p. 96.
  197. ^ Rodríguez del Valle 1960, pp. 41–43.
  198. ^ Fernández Duro 1899, pp. 273–274.
  199. ^ Fortescue 1899, items nos. 193, 339, 378, 778.
  200. ^ Haring 1910, pp. 245–246.
  201. ^ Latimer 2009, pp. 252–255.
  202. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 108, 472, 830.
  203. ^ Marley 2010b, p. 847.
  204. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005, pp. 472, 830.
  205. ^ Marley 2010b, pp. 588–589.
  206. ^ Fuentes y Guzmán 1933, pp. 296–297.
  207. ^ Molina Solís 1910, p. 356.
  208. ^ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 107, footnote no. 367.
  209. ^ Vazquez Barke 2016, p. 173.
  210. ^ Jones 1998, p. 408, footnote no. 74.
  211. ^ a b Offen 2015, p. 49.
  212. ^ a b Marley 2010b, p. 529.
  213. ^ Johnson 1724b, pp. 70–72.
  214. ^ anon. 1718.
  215. ^ Marley 2010b, pp. 811–812.
  216. ^ Wilson 2021, pp. 220–221.
  217. ^ Johnson 1724b, p. 358.
  218. ^ a b anon. 1722a.
  219. ^ a b anon. 1722b.
  220. ^ anon. 1722c.
  221. ^ a b anon. 1723c.
  222. ^ Johnson 1724b, p. 339.
  223. ^ Marley 2010b, pp. 482–483, 595–596.
  224. ^ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 121.
  225. ^ Vazquez Barke 2016, p. 176.
  226. ^ Molina Solís 1913, p. 163.
  227. ^ Reichert 2017, p. 28.
  228. ^ Marley 2010b, pp. 669–670.
  229. ^ Johnson 1724b, p. 377.
  230. ^ anon. 1723a.
  231. ^ anon. 1724e.
  232. ^ anon. 1723b.
  233. ^ anon. 1723d.
  234. ^ anon. 1723f.
  235. ^ anon. 1724a.
  236. ^ anon. 1724c.
  237. ^ anon. 1724b.
  238. ^ anon. 1724d.
  239. ^ anon. 1724f.
  240. ^ anon. 1725a.
  241. ^ anon. 1725b.
  242. ^ Jameson 1923, document no. 125.
  243. ^ anon. 1725d.
  244. ^ anon. 1725f.
  245. ^ anon. 1725c.
  246. ^ Wilson 2021, pp. 217–218.
  247. ^ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 124, footnote no. 425.
  248. ^ Molina Solís 1913, p. 184.
  249. ^ a b c Reichert 2017, p. 29.
  250. ^ Bancroft 1883, pp. 600, 624–625.
  251. ^ Gerhard 1979, pp. 15, 71.
  252. ^ Vazquez Barke 2016, p. 188.
  253. ^ anon. 1727.
  254. ^ anon. 1729a.
  255. ^ Luján Muñoz 2005a, p. 85.
  256. ^ anon. 1729b.
  257. ^ anon. 1730.
  258. ^ anon. 1731a.
  259. ^ anon. 1731b.
  260. ^ anon. 1731e.
  261. ^ anon. 1731f.
  262. ^ Cockburn 1735, pp. 1–13.
  263. ^ anon. 1731c.
  264. ^ anon. 1731d.
  265. ^ anon. 1731g.
  266. ^ anon. 1732a.
  267. ^ anon. 1732b.
  268. ^ anon. 1732c.
  269. ^ anon. 1733c.
  270. ^ anon. 1733a.
  271. ^ anon. 1733b.
  272. ^ anon. 1733d.
  273. ^ anon. 1733e.
  274. ^ anon. 1735b.
  275. ^ anon. 1734b.
  276. ^ anon. 1734a.
  277. ^ anon. 1735a.
  278. ^ a b anon. 1735d.
  279. ^ anon. 1735c.
  280. ^ anon. 1736.
  281. ^ anon. 1737a.
  282. ^ anon. 1737b.
  283. ^ Vazquez Barke 2016, pp. 56–57.
  284. ^ anon. 1737d.
  285. ^ anon. 1737e.
  286. ^ a b anon. 1738a.
  287. ^ anon. 1738b.
  288. ^ anon. 1738c.
  289. ^ anon. 1738d.
  290. ^ anon. 1739c.
  291. ^ anon. 1739a.
  292. ^ anon. 1739b.
  293. ^ a b anon. 1739e.
  294. ^ anon. 1739f.
  295. ^ anon. 1739h.
  296. ^ anon. 1739d.
  297. ^ anon. 1739g.
  298. ^ anon. 1739i.
  299. ^ anon. 1740b.
  300. ^ anon. 1740a.
  301. ^ anon. 1742a.
  302. ^ anon. 1740c.
  303. ^ anon. 1740d.
  304. ^ anon. 1740g.
  305. ^ anon. 1740e.
  306. ^ anon. 1741a.
  307. ^ anon. 1741b.
  308. ^ anon. 1741c.
  309. ^ Jameson 1923, document no. 145.
  310. ^ anon. 1742b.
  311. ^ anon. 1742c.
  312. ^ anon. 1742d.
  313. ^ anon. 1744b.
  314. ^ anon. 1744a.
  315. ^ anon. 1746a.
  316. ^ Calderón Quijano 1944, p. 158, item no. 2.
  317. ^ anon. 1746b.
  318. ^ anon. 1746c.
  319. ^ anon. 1747.
  320. ^ anon. 1748a.
  321. ^ Calderón Quijano 1944, p. 158, item no. 3.
  322. ^ Marley 2008a, p. 408.
  323. ^ Marley 2008a, p. 409.
  324. ^ anon. 1748b.
  325. ^ anon. 1750c.
  326. ^ anon. 1750b.
  327. ^ anon. 1750d.
  328. ^ anon. 1750a.
  329. ^ anon. 1750e.
  330. ^ a b Burdon 1931, p. 78.
  331. ^ Vazquez Barke 2016, p. 187.
  332. ^ anon. 1752m.
  333. ^ Zackrison 1985, pp. 22–49, 60–95.
  334. ^ anon. 1752n.
  335. ^ anon. 1752b.
  336. ^ anon. 1752c.
  337. ^ anon. 1752a.
  338. ^ anon. 1752d.
  339. ^ anon. 1752j.
  340. ^ anon. 1752e.
  341. ^ anon. 1752f.
  342. ^ anon. 1752h.
  343. ^ anon. 1752k.
  344. ^ anon. 1752g.
  345. ^ anon. 1752i.
  346. ^ anon. 1752l.
  347. ^ anon. 1753a.
  348. ^ anon. 1753c.
  349. ^ anon. 1753b.
  350. ^ anon. 1753d.
  351. ^ anon. 1753g.
  352. ^ anon. 1753f.
  353. ^ anon. 1753h.
  354. ^ anon. 1753i.
  355. ^ anon. 1753j.
  356. ^ anon. 1754a.
  357. ^ anon. 1753k.
  358. ^ anon. 1753l.
  359. ^ anon. 1753m.
  360. ^ anon. 1753e.
  361. ^ anon. 1753n.
  362. ^ anon. 1753o.
  363. ^ anon. 1753p.
  364. ^ anon. 1754b.
  365. ^ anon. 1754c.
  366. ^ Burdon 1931, p. 81.
  367. ^ anon. 1756.
  368. ^ anon. 1770a.
  369. ^ anon. 1770b.
  370. ^ anon. 1770c.
  371. ^ anon. 1771.
  372. ^ anon. 1772b.
  373. ^ anon. 1772a.
  374. ^ anon. 1773.
  375. ^ anon. 1775.
  376. ^ anon. 1777a.
  377. ^ anon. 1777b.
  378. ^ Burdon 1931, p. 126.
  379. ^ Morgan 1976, p. 237.
  380. ^ Crawford 1996, pp. 79, 372, 399.
  381. ^ Breuer 1993, p. 116.
  382. ^ Burdon 1931, p. 225.
  383. ^ anon. 1797.
  384. ^ anon. 1804.
  385. ^ Burdon 1934, p. 71.
  386. ^ Burdon 1934, p. 82.
  387. ^ Burdon 1934, p. 90.
  388. ^ anon. 1819.
  389. ^ Burdon 1934, p. 214.
  390. ^ anon. 1819a.
  391. ^ anon. 1819b.
  392. ^ Burdon 1934, p. 668.
  393. ^ Burdon 1934, p. 272.
  394. ^ anon. 1824.
  395. ^ Burdon 1934, p. 280.
  396. ^ Burdon 1935, p. 210.
  397. ^ anon. 1860b.
  398. ^ anon. 1859.
  399. ^ anon. 1860a, pp. 605–606.

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  98. anon. (18 August 1752d). "LONDON, August 20". Harrop's Manchester Mercury. No. 25. Manchester: Printed by Joseph Harrop, at the Sign of the Printing Press, opposite the Exchange. p. 99.
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Journals

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  4. Bialuschewski, Arne (2020). "Juan Gallardo: A Native American Buccaneer". Hispanic American Historical Review. 100 (2): 233–256. doi:10.1215/00182168-8178200. S2CID 218799883.
  5. Botella-Ordinas, E. (2010). "DEBATING EMPIRES, INVENTING EMPIRES: British Territorial Claims Against the Spaniards in America, 1670—1714". Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. 10 (1): 142–168. JSTOR 23267356.
  6. Carillo y Ancona, Crescencio (9 November 1878). "El orígen de Belice". Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana. 3. 4 (sn): 254–264. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008360342.
  7. De la O Torres, Rodrigo Alejandro (January–June 2016). "La presencia de corsarios franceses en el Golfo-Caribe entre 1536-1566 : una propuesta de análisis espacial". Historia 2.0: Conocimiento Histórico en Clave Digital. 6 (11): 36–56. ISSN 2027-9035.
  8. De la O Torres, Rodrigo Alejandro (July–December 2019). "Miedos y fenómeno de la piratería en el Golfo-Caribe durante el siglo XVI. Un ensayo de aproximación". Historelo revista de historia regional y local. 11 (2): 267–300. doi:10.15446/historelo.v11n22.73263. ISSN 2145-132X. S2CID 198778698.
  9. Harlow, Vincent T. (1924). "The voyages of Captain William Jackson, 1642-5". Camden. Third Series. 34 (sn): 1–39. doi:10.1017/S2042171000006920.
  10. Hussey, Roland D. (1929). "Spanish Reaction to Foreign Aggression in the Caribbean to about 1680". Hispanic American Historical Review. 9 (3): 286–302. doi:10.2307/2506623. JSTOR 2506623.
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  12. Lang, M. F. (1994). "The Armada de Barlovento, fleet despatch and transport of Mercury to Mexico, 1637-1738". Revista de Indias. 54 (202): 575–591. doi:10.3989/revindias.1994.i202.1120. OCLC 773517874. ProQuest 1300744584.
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  16. Offen, Karl H. (2015). "Mapping Amerindian Captivity in Colonial Mosquitia". Journal of Latin American Geography. 14 (3): 35–65. doi:10.1353/lag.2015.0042. OCLC 7979658371. S2CID 146266532.
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  19. Reichert, Rafal (March–June 2018). "Corsarios españoles en el Golfo de Honduras, 1713-1763". Estudios de Cultura Maya. 51 (sn): 151–174. doi:10.19130/iifl.ecm.2018.51.884.
  20. Stemp, W. James; Awe, Jaime J.; Helmke, Christophe G. B. (7 April 2016). "A Possible Paleoindian/Early Archaic Point from Ladyville, Belize, Central America" (PDF). PaleoAmerica. 2 (1): 70–73. doi:10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000009. S2CID 130966757.
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Theses

  1. Anderson, Jennifer L. (2007). Nature's Currency: The Atlantic Mahogany Trade, 1720–1830 (PhD). New York: New York University. ProQuest 304841794.
  2. Breuer, Kimberley Henke (1993). Colonies of happenstance: The english settlements in central america, 1525-1787 (MA). Arlington, TX: University of Texas. OCLC 35313362. ProQuest 230667983.
  3. De la O Torres, Rodrigo Alejandro (November 2014). DE CORSARIOS, MARES Y COSTAS: EL CORSO EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DEL ESPACIO GOLFO-CARIBE. 1527-1620 (PhD). Mérida, Yuc.: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
  4. Finamore, Daniel (1994). Sailors and slaves on the wood-cutting frontier: archaeology of the British Bay settlement, Belize (PhD). Boston, MA: University of Boston. OCLC 33382653. ProQuest 304114781.
  5. Genkins, Daniel (10 August 2018). Entangled Empires: Anglo-Spanish Competition in the Seventeenth-Century Caribbean (PhD). Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University. OCLC 1103506045.
  6. McJunkin, David Morgan (1991). Logwood: An inquiry into the historical biogeography of Haematoxylum campechianum L. and related dyewoods of the neotropics (PhD). Los Angeles: University of California. OCLC 24057056. ProQuest 303932948.
  7. Mihok, Lorena Diane (2013). Unearthing Augusta: Landscapes of Royalization on Roatan Island, Honduras (PhD). Tampa, Fl.: University of South Florida.
  8. Vazquez Barke, Gabriela (August 2012). BACALAR EN EL SIGLO XVII: colonización y resistencia (MA). Merida, Yuc.: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
  9. Vazquez Barke, Gabriela (2016). Los poderes y los hombres (PhD). Merida, Yuc.: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
  10. Zackrison, James L. (1985). The Castillo de San Fernando de Omoa: The History of a Fiasco (MA). Loma Linda, CA: Loma Linda University.

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