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Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium:

1848 — Lord Rosse studies M1 and names it the Crab Nebula. The telescope is much larger than the small refactors typical of this period and it also reveals the spiral nature of M51.
1864 — William Huggins studies the spectrum of the Orion Nebula and shows that it is a cloud of gas
1904 — Interstellar calcium detected on spectrograph at Potsdam^[1]
1909 — Slipher confirms Kapteyn's theory of interstellar gas^[2]
1912 — Slipher confirms interstellar dust^[2]
1927 — Ira Bowen explains unidentified spectral lines from space as forbidden transition lines
1930 — Robert Trumpler discovers absorption by interstellar dust by comparing the angular sizes and brightnesses of globular clusters
1944 — Hendrik van de Hulst predicts the 21 cm hyperfine line of neutral interstellar hydrogen
1951 — Harold I. Ewen and Edward Purcell observe the 21 cm hyperfine line of neutral interstellar hydrogen^[3]
1956 — Lyman Spitzer predicts coronal gas around the Milky Way
1965 — James Gunn and Bruce Peterson use observations of the relatively low absorption of the blue component of the Lyman-alpha line from 3C9 to strongly constrain the density and ionization state of the intergalactic medium^[4]
1969 — Lewis Snyder, David Buhl, Ben Zuckerman, and Patrick Palmer find interstellar formaldehyde
1970 — Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson find interstellar carbon monoxide^[5]
1970 — George Carruthers observes molecular hydrogen in space
1977 — Christopher McKee and Jeremiah Ostriker propose a three component theory of the interstellar medium
1990 — Foreground "contamination" data from the COBE spacecraft provides the first all-sky map of the ISM in microwave bands.

References

^ Kanipe, Jeff (2011-01-27). The Cosmic Connection: How Astronomical Events Impact Life on Earth. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781591028826.
^ ^a ^b "V. M. Slipher Papers, 1899-1965". www.azarchivesonline.org. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
^ Ewen, H. I.; Purcell, E. M. (September 1951), "Observation of a Line in the Galactic Radio Spectrum: Radiation from Galactic Hydrogen at 1,420 Mc./sec.", Nature, 168 (4270): 356, Bibcode:1951Natur.168..356E, doi:10.1038/168356a0, S2CID 27595927
^ Gunn, James E.; Peterson, Bruce A. (November 1965), "On the Density of Neutral Hydrogen in Intergalactic Space", Astrophysical Journal, 142: 1633–1641, Bibcode:1965ApJ...142.1633G, doi:10.1086/148444
^ Wilson, R. W.; Jefferts, K. B.; Penzias, A. A. (July 1970), "Carbon Monoxide in the Orion Nebula", Astrophysical Journal, 161: L43, Bibcode:1970ApJ...161L..43W, doi:10.1086/180567

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[:5-1] Kanipe, Jeff (2011-01-27). The Cosmic Connection: How Astronomical Events Impact Life on Earth. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781591028826.

[:0-2] "V. M. Slipher Papers, 1899-1965". www.azarchivesonline.org. Retrieved 2019-11-29.

[nature168_4270-3] Ewen, H. I.; Purcell, E. M. (September 1951), "Observation of a Line in the Galactic Radio Spectrum: Radiation from Galactic Hydrogen at 1,420 Mc./sec.", Nature, 168 (4270): 356, Bibcode:1951Natur.168..356E, doi:10.1038/168356a0, S2CID 27595927

[apj142_1633-4] Gunn, James E.; Peterson, Bruce A. (November 1965), "On the Density of Neutral Hydrogen in Intergalactic Space", Astrophysical Journal, 142: 1633–1641, Bibcode:1965ApJ...142.1633G, doi:10.1086/148444

[apj161_L43-5] Wilson, R. W.; Jefferts, K. B.; Penzias, A. A. (July 1970), "Carbon Monoxide in the Orion Nebula", Astrophysical Journal, 161: L43, Bibcode:1970ApJ...161L..43W, doi:10.1086/180567

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Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar and intergalactic medium

References