Théodicée

Théodicée title page from a 1734 version

Essais de Théodicée sur la bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal (from French: Essays of Theodicy on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man and the Origin of Evil), more simply known as Théodicée [te.ɔ.di.se], is a book of philosophy by the German polymath Gottfried Leibniz. The book, published in 1710, introduced the term theodicy, and its optimistic approach to the problem of evil is thought to have inspired Voltaire's Candide (albeit satirically). Much of the work consists of a response to the ideas of the French philosopher Pierre Bayle and based on the author's conversation with Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, with whom Leibniz carried on a debate for many years.[1]

Théodicée was the only book Leibniz published during his lifetime;[2] his other book, New Essays on Human Understanding, was published only after his death, in 1765.

Central claims

In various works, including his famous Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697), Pierre Bayle had argued that there is no defensible rational solution to the problem of why God permits evil. More specifically, Bayle had argued that powerful philosophical arguments can be given against a number of orthodox Christian teachings, including the goodness, justice, and freedom of God. Leibniz responds to Bayle's arguments in detail, arguing that it can be proved that God is an infinitely perfect being, and that such a being must have created a world that has the greatest possible balance of good over evil ("the best of all possible worlds").[3]

Leibniz distinguishes three forms of evil: moral, physical, and metaphysical. Moral evil is sin, physical evil is pain, and metaphysical evil is limitation.[4] God permits moral and physical evil for the sake of greater goods, and metaphysical evil (i.e., limitation) is unavoidable since any created universe must necessarily fall short of God's absolute perfection. Human free will is consistent with God's foreknowledge, because even though all events in the universe are foreseen and pre-determined, they are not necessitated (i.e., logically necessary), and only if human choices were necessitated would free will be an illusion.[5]

Against Bayle's claims (derived from Augustine) that it is unjust for God to damn unbaptized infants or adult non-Christians who had lived as well as they could, Leibniz denies that Christian teaching supports such claims.[6] Against Bayle's claim that God cannot be free since he cannot fail to choose the best, Leibniz argues that such "moral necessity" is consistent with divine freedom. God would lack freedom only if there are no possible worlds in which less than maximal goodness exists, which is not the case, Leibniz argues.[7]

References

  1. ^ Austin Farrer (1985). Introduction to Theodicy. La Salle: Open Court. ISBN 0-87548-437-9.
  2. ^ Michael Murray (16 March 2005). "Leibniz on the Problem of Evil". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  3. ^ G. W. Leibniz, Theodicy: Essays on the Goodness of God, the Freedom of Man, and the Origin of Evil. Translated by E. M. Huggard. Lasalle, IL: Open Court, 1985, pp. 127–28.
  4. ^ Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 136.
  5. ^ Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 381.
  6. ^ Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 385.
  7. ^ Leibniz, Theodicy, p. 387.
Look up théodicée in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Read other articles:

متحف قطر الوطني

متحف قطر الوطنيمعلومات عامةنوع المبنى متحف المكان الدوحة المنطقة الإدارية الدوحة البلد  قطر أبرز الأحداثالافتتاح الرسمي 1975 معلومات أخرىموقع الويب nmoq.org.qa… (الإنجليزية) تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات مدخل متحف قطر الوطني كان متحف قطر الوطني القديم ثاني أكبر متحف...

 

 

Hackathon

Yahoo! Internal Hack Day Event nella sede di Yahoo (Sunnyvale, California), 6 giugno 2006 Un hackathon è un evento al quale partecipano, a vario titolo, esperti di diversi settori dell'informatica: sviluppatori di software, programmatori e grafici. Generalmente ha una durata variabile tra un giorno e una settimana. Può avere varie finalità lavorative, didattiche, sociali.[1][2][3] Indice 1 Origini e storia 2 La struttura 3 Utilità 4 Critiche 5 Note 6 Voci correlate...

 

 

List of Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates for the 2024 Indian general election

The following is the list of candidates of Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance[1] for the 2024 Indian General Elections.[2][3] The following is the seat sharing summary for Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance's candidates in 2024 Indian general election.[4][5][6] Seat sharing summary   seats are those not contested under the INDIA coalition Source:[7][8][9] Parties States/UTs Seats con...

Seven Nation Army

2003 single by the White Stripes Seven Nation ArmySingle by the White Stripesfrom the album Elephant B-sideGood to MeReleasedFebruary 17, 2003 (2003-02-17)RecordedApril 2002[1]StudioToe Rag Studios, LondonGenre Alternative rock garage rock blues rock punk blues Length3:52Label V2 XL Third Man Songwriter(s)Jack WhiteProducer(s)Jack WhiteThe White Stripes singles chronology Candy Cane Children (2002) Seven Nation Army (2003) I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself (2003)...

 

 

Первородный грех

Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ран�...

 

 

Gerard Deulofeu

Nama ini menggunakan cara penamaan Spanyol: nama keluarga pertama atau paternalnya adalah Deulofeu dan nama keluarga kedua atau maternalnya adalah Lázaro. Gerard Deulofeu Deulofeu bermain untuk Spanyol U-19 pada 2012Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Gerard Deulofeu Lázaro[1]Tanggal lahir 13 Maret 1994 (umur 30)Tempat lahir Riudarenes, SpanyolTinggi 177 cm (5 ft 10 in)[2]Posisi bermain Penyerang, pemain sayapInformasi klubKlub saat ini UdineseNomor 10Kari...

جمهورية البندقية

45°34′59″N 12°40′59″E / 45.583°N 12.683°E / 45.583; 12.683 البندقية Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta جمهورية البندقية 697 – 1797     جمهورية البندقيةعلم جمهورية البندقيةشعار النشيد : Juditha triumphans (1716 - 1797) جمهورية البندقية في أقصى اتساعها في القرن الخامس عشر والسادس عشر عاصمة إراكلا (697–810)...

 

 

Papirus 118

NaskahPapirus 118Tanda P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 118TeksSurat Roma 15:26-27,32-33; 16:1,4-7,11-12Waktuabad ke-3Aksarabahasa YunaniKini diUniversity of CologneKutipanG. Schenke, Kölner Papyri 10 (2003), pp. 33-37Ukuran29 x 26 cmJenis(?)Kategoritidak ada Roma 16:1, 4-7, 11-12 pada Papirus 118 bagian verso Papirus 118 (bahasa Inggris: Papyrus 118; dalam penomoran Gregory-Aland diberi kode P {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}} 118) adalah sebuah naskah papirus kuno berisi bagian Per...

 

 

Горностай

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Горностай (значения). Горностай Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:Челюстнороты...

Fox Cities Performing Arts Center

Performing arts center in downtown Appleton, Wisconsin, USA 44°15′42″N 088°24′39″W / 44.26167°N 88.41083°W / 44.26167; -88.41083 Fox Cities Performing Arts CenterThe PACExterior of venue (c.2011)Address400 W College AveAppleton, WI 54911-5831LocationDowntown AppletonPublic transit Valley TransitTypePerforming Arts CenterCapacity2,100 (Thrivent Hall)450 (Kimberly-Clark Theater)ConstructionBroke groundMay 2000 (2000-05)OpenedNovember 25, 2...

 

 

世界政區索引

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料，部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队（军事） 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

 

 

Walter Quintin Gresham

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Gresham. Cet article est une ébauche concernant un homme politique américain. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Walter Quintin Gresham Fonctions 33e secrétaire d'État des États-Unis 7 mars 1893 – 28 mars 1895(2 ans et 21 jours) Président Grover Cleveland Gouvernement Administration Cleveland II Prédécesseur John W. Foster Successeur Richard Olne...

Hattem

Municipality and city in Gelderland, NetherlandsHattemMunicipality and cityHattem city hall FlagCoat of armsLocation in GelderlandCoordinates: 52°28′N 6°4′E / 52.467°N 6.067°E / 52.467; 6.067CountryNetherlandsProvinceGelderlandGovernment[1] • BodyMunicipal council • MayorM. (Marleen) Sanderse (CDA)Area[2] • Total24.16 km2 (9.33 sq mi) • Land23.08 km2 (8.91 sq mi) ...

 

 

Obinna Metu

Nigerian sprinter Obinna MetuJoseph Obinna Metu at the 2012 London Summer OlympicsPersonal informationBorn (1988-07-12) 12 July 1988 (age 35)Height1.89 m (6 ft 2+1⁄2 in)[1]Weight76 kg (168 lb)[1]SportCountry NigeriaSportAthleticsEvent100 metres Medal record Men's athletics Representing  Nigeria All-Africa Games 2007 Algiers 4x100 m Relay 2007 Algiers 200 m 2011 Maputo 100 m African Championships 2014 Marrakech 4x100 m relay 2012 Porto N...

 

 

Фабриций, Иоганн Христиан

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилией Фабриций. Иоганн Христиан Фабрицийдат. Johann Christian Fabricius Дата рождения 7 января 1745(1745-01-07) Место рождения Тённер, Шлезвиг[1] Дата смерти 3 марта 1808(1808-03-03) (63 года) Место смерти Киль, Гольштейн-Глюкштадт[1] Страна  Д�...

العلاقات الأنغولية البنمية

العلاقات الأنغولية البنمية أنغولا بنما   أنغولا   بنما تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الأنغولية البنمية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين أنغولا وبنما.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة أنغولا بنم...

 

 

Olivier Gourmet

Olivier Gourmet Olivier Gourmet (Namur, 22 luglio 1963) è un attore belga. La sua attività è fortemente legata ai fratelli Dardenne, di cui è a tutti gli effetti uno degli attori feticcio. Ha vinto il premio per il miglior attore al Festival di Cannes 2002 per il suo ruolo nel film Il figlio dei Dardenne stessi.[1] Sotto la regia dei due fratelli è comparso anche in La Promesse, Rosetta, L'Enfant - Una storia d'amore e Il ragazzo con la bicicletta. Nel 2013 vince il Premio Magrit...

 

 

Michaela Jaé Rodriguez

Michaela Jaé RodriguezRodriguez, 2020Lahir7 Januari 1991 (umur 33)Newark, New Jersey, A.S.PendidikanBerklee College of MusicPekerjaanAktrispenyanyiTahun aktif2011–sekarang Penghargaan(2022) Penghargaan Golden Globe(2022) GLAAD Stephen F. Kolzak Award (en) (2022) Women of the Year (en) (2019) Penghargaan Imagen Michaela Antonia Jaé Rodriguez[1] (lahir 7 Januari 1991), sebelumnya dikenal dengan sebutan Mj Rodriguez,[2] adalah seorang aktris dan penyanyi Amerika. L...

Basra

For other uses, see Basra (disambiguation). Basrah redirects here. For the village in eastern Yemen, see Basrah, Yemen. Not to be confused with Bosra, Busra al-Harir, or Bozrah. Metropolis in IraqBasra ٱلْبَصْرَةBasrahMetropolisNickname: Venice of the East[1]BasraLocation of Basra within IraqShow map of IraqBasraBasra (Near East)Show map of Near EastCoordinates: 30°30′54″N 47°48′36″E / 30.51500°N 47.81000°E / 30.51500; 47.81000Country...

 

 

Simon–Glatzel equation

The Simon–Glatzel equation[1] is an empirical correlation describing the pressure dependence of the melting temperature of a solid. The pressure dependence of the melting temperature is small for small pressure changes because the volume change during fusion or melting is rather small. However, at very high pressures higher melting temperatures are generally observed as the liquid usually occupies a larger volume than the solid making melting more thermodynamically unfavorable at el...