At the time Thorn Abbey was invaded by the French revolutionaries in 1794, its territory was composed of three non-contiguous parts totaling 52.1 km2. In addition, the abbess shared rule over nearby areas totaling 35 km2. The abbey's territory was divided into four "quarters", each administered by two mayors. The population in 1796 was 2,975 inhabitants.
In 1797, the abbey was officially dissolved by the French. The Baroque interior survived the restoration but the spire was replaced with a massive neo-Gothic bell tower.[1]
Foundation
Ansfried of Utrecht and his wife Hereswint are regarded as the founders of the Abbey of Thorn
A Benedictine double monastery was founded by Count Ansfried of Utrecht and his wife Hereswint, countess of Strijen, in the late tenth century on land owned by Hereswint at Thorn.[2] Hereswint was to be the first abbess but died on her way there; and Benedicta took her place.[3]
Abbey structure
Model of the abbey district
The community of women came only from the high nobility.[2] The Abbey served as a convent school for daughters of the nobility. It is likely that Thorn had belonged to the Benedictine order originally. It probably changed, however, in the 12th century, to a free community of secular canonesses (Damenstift). In 1310, the members of the abbey stressed their secular status and claimed never to have been Benedictine.
View of the south side of St. Michael's Church
In the 18th century, the collegiate ladies, or canonesses, were, in principle, required to reside in the abbey all year, except for at most six weeks per year. However, for 600 florins, ladies could buy themselves freedom; although in theory they were still required to provide six weeks of choral service, this was not always observed in practice. This possibility of buying freedom appears to have been used frequently. Some ladies belonged to several abbeys. Maria Josepha of Hatzfeld and Gleichen, for example, was a member of the abbeys at Thorn and Essen for 46 years. During this time, she resided in Essen Abbey for four years, but never in Thorn.
The abbey district contained a curia building for the deaconess and five houses for the ladies; some built themselves houses outside the abbey precincts. In the 14th century, a new Gothic church was built.
History
The imperial immediacy of the abbey was confirmed in 1292 by King Adolf of Nassau. Under Emperor Maximilian I, the abbey was under the special imperial protection. In the imperial matriculation register at Worms, the abbey was recorded as reichsunmittelbar. The matriculation duties, however, were transferred to the Counts of Lippe.
In the 17th century the governorship of the Spanish Netherlands sought to restrict the imperial immediacy. The abbesses resisted these attempts successfully. In the 18th century, the abbess held the title of Princess. Several abbesses were concurrently heads of Essen Abbey.
The territory was occupied by French troops in 1794 and later annexed by France. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna awarded the territory to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands. The abbey property, the monastery, the palace of the abbess and the other buildings were confiscated and sold to the highest bidders and usually demolished for construction material, with only the abbey church surviving.[2] The abbey Church of St. Michael became a parish church.
^Verspaandonk, J. A. J. M. (1875). Het hemels prentenboek: Devotie- en bidprentjes vanaf de 17e eeuw tot het begin van de 20e eeuw. Hilversum: Gooi en Sticht. p. 9. ISBN9030400641.
Further reading
Berkvens, Louis (2015): Staatkundige en institutionele geschiedenis van de Limburgse territoria, 1548-1797. In: P. Tummers et al. (eds.): Limburg. Een geschiedenis, deel 2, 1500-1800, pp. 19-115. LGOG, Maastricht ISBN9789081960229
Bijsterveld, A.J. (2015): Machts- en territoriumvorming: van Karolingsche kernregio tot territiriale lappendeken, 900-1200. In: P. Tummers et al. (eds.): Limburg. Een geschiedenis, deel 1, tot 1500, pp. 207-240. LGOG, Maastricht ISBN9789081960229
Crusius, Irene (ed.): Studien zum Kanonissenstift, Göttingen, 2014
Flament, A.J. (1899): Opgezworen kwartierstaten van 36 kanonikessen der vorstelijke rijksabdij Thorn, met den inhoud der opzweringen en de beschrijving der zegels van de opzweerders. 's Gravenhage, Algemene Landsdrukkerij
Forschelen, J. (ed.): De Abdijkerk, tourist brochure in the series Grote monumenten in Thorn. Publ. Stichting Limburg Natuurlijk (n.d.)
Köbler, Gehrard (1988): Historisches Lexikon der Deutschen Länder: die deutschen Territorien vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: Thorn (Abtei, Frauenstift), pp. 166-167 and 852. C.H. Beck, München
Koch, E.M.F. (1994): De kloosterpoort als sluitpost? Adellijke vrouwen langs Maas en Rij'n tussen huwelijk en convent, 1200-1600. Eisma, Leeuwarden/Mechelen
Taddey, Gerhard (1983): Reichsstift Thorn in: Ders (ed.): Lexikon der deutschen Geschichte. Ereignisse – Institutionen – Personen. Von den Anfängen bis zur Kapitulation 1945. Kröner-Verlag, Stuttgart ISBN3520800020
