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Drawing of a scene from the play in *The Illustrated London News*, 1870

The Palace of Truth is a three-act blank verse "Fairy Comedy" by W. S. Gilbert first produced at the Haymarket Theatre in London on 19 November 1870, adapted in significant part from Madame de Genlis's fairy story, Le Palais de Vérite.^[1] The play ran for approximately 140 performances and then toured the British provinces and enjoyed various revivals even well into the 20th century.^[2] There was also a New York production in 1910.^[3]

After more than a century of inquiry, researchers in 2012 concluded that the three genera of Lemurs were named after characters in The Palace of Truth in 1870 by British zoologist John Edward Gray.^[4]

Background

Gilbert created several blank verse "fairy comedies" at the Haymarket Theatre for actor-manager John Baldwin Buckstone and starring William Hunter Kendal and his wife Madge Robertson Kendal (sister of the playwright Tom Robertson) in the early 1870s. These plays, influenced by the fairy works of James Planché, are founded upon the idea of self-revelation by characters under the influence of some magic or supernatural interference.^[5] The Palace of Truth was the first of these, followed by Pygmalion and Galatea (1871), a satire of sentimental, romantic attitudes toward myth, The Wicked World (1873), and Broken Hearts (1875). At the same time, Gilbert wrote some dramas, including Sweethearts (1874) and Charity (1874), all of which helped to established his artistic credentials as a writer of wide range, who was as comfortable with human drama as with the comedies for which he is most famous.^[6]

Although The Palace of Truth has substantial comic elements, it has the structure and feel of a drama.^[7] The play was one of Gilbert's most successful works prior to his collaboration with Arthur Sullivan. The play ran for approximately 140 performances at the Haymarket,^[8] a long run at the time, and then toured. Gilbert was paid 4 guineas per night until February 1871 and 2 guineas thereafter. On tour, Gilbert's royalty was 3 guineas a night.^[9]

Some of Gilbert's later works drew on The Palace of Truth for plot elements or their logical development, including his hit play, Engaged (1877), where characters say openly what would ordinarily be hidden and admit what, in Victorian society, would be inadmissible.^[10] Gilbert and Edward German discussed making The Palace of Truth into an opera, but after the failure of Fallen Fairies, the idea was abandoned.^[11]

Some of the satire of the piece is aimed at musicians. An exchange in the piece, where the character of Zoram, the court composer and a poseur, makes the following complicated musical remark, was tried out by Gilbert on his future collaborator, Arthur Sullivan, some months before the play was produced (Gilbert had looked up the definition of "harmony" in the Encyclopædia Britannica and translated it into blank-verse, as follows):^[12]

Believe me, the result would be the same,

Whether your lordship chose to play upon

The simple tetrachord of Mercury

That knew no diatonic intervals,

Or the elaborate dis‑diapason

(Four tetrachords, and one redundant note),

Embracing in its perfect consonance

All simple, double and inverted chords!

Roles and original cast

Left, W. H. Kendal as Prince Philamir and Madge Kendal as Zeolide. Right, Caroline Hill as Mirza. Original production (1870)

King Phanor, a philanderer; likes "yes" men – J. B. Buckstone
Prince Philamir, boyfriend of the Princess; speaks in alliteration – W. H. Kendal
Chrysal, a "yes" man and a lyricist; betrothed to Palmis – Mr. Everill
Zoram, another "yes" man and a composer – Mr. Clark
Aristaeus, an outspoken and truthful man – Mr. Rogers
Gelanor, steward of the Palace of Truth – Mr. Braid
Queen Altemire, a good wife; wants her daughter to be happy – Mrs. Chippendale
Princess Zeolide, young; searching for love and truth – Madge Kendal (billed as Miss Robertson)
Mirza, a friend of the Princess; suspicious of the Prince – Caroline Hill
Palmis, a lady of the court; in love with Chrysal – Fanny Wright
Azema, timid; a visitor to the Palace of Truth – Fanny Gwynne

Synopsis

Act I – The garden of the King's Country House.

The Queen is upset because the Princess is to become engaged tomorrow to the Prince but seems not to love him. The Prince speaks flowery words of love to the Princess. The Queen, jealous, wonders why the King visits the Palace of Truth once a month, while she has never been there in eighteen years of marriage. The King reveals that the palace is enchanted, and every visitor there is bound to speak the truth. The speaker is not aware that he is telling the truth, and it is impossible to keep a secret there. The two decide to bring the Prince and Princess there to find out if they truly love one another. They will also bring all the courtiers. The King tells Gelanor and Mirza that he has a talisman that will keep the holder from having to tell the truth.

Act II – Inside the Palace of Truth

The King is holding the talisman. Everyone else tells the truth: The Princess's singing is terrible; Chrysal did not mean one word that he said at court; Zoram (the composer) doesn't know one note from another, etc. Chrysal and Zoram declare a duel because of the truth they speak.

The Prince confesses that at least 500 ladies have kissed him, among other things, and of course the Princess is unhappy. Azema timidly reveals that she wants to try her charms on the Prince. The Prince rejects her, so Azema tries to charm Chrysal. The Prince decides that the palace must be enchanted and shows up human nature as it is and everybody is affected by it, but he doesn't realise that the enchantment affects him. He tells Mirza that he loves her and then reveals this to the Princess. She breaks their bond and gives him his freedom and then pleads with him to take her back and give her until that night. Other characters confess love for each other in strange pairings.

After the King reveals that he made love to Mirza in the shrubbery and Mirza admits that she hates the King, he realises that his talisman is not working. Now the King wants to leave!

Act III – On the Avenue of Palms at night

Chrysal has a sword and is ready for the duel with Zoram. Zoram arrives, and the two combatants tell each other, with great bravado, how afraid they are of each other. Gelanor tells them that the Palace makes one say what he thinks. Zoram and Chrysal decide that thoughts are not important. They shake hands. The Queen talks with old Gelanor, and Azema goes to tell the King of this meeting.

The Princess begs Mirza to let her have the Prince, and Mirza says she will do so and then go away. She tells him of her love for him and adds that she is going away. The Princess reenters unobserved, and is moved by Mirza's speech. She goes forward and puts Mirza's hand in the Prince's and sets him free. The Prince gives Mirza a ring as a pledge of his love and wants one in return – a handkerchief or a glove. She brings forth a handkerchief from her pocket and the crystal talisman falls out. Mirza tells him that it is the talisman; she took it from the King and put the false one in its place.

The King arrives, and the Prince gives him the talisman. He tells the Queen she has been found with Gelanor. The Queen truthfully says that it was an innocent meeting. The Queen asks the King if he had been philandering with Azema and, because he has the talisman, he is able to lie, denying it. The Queen apologises. The Prince admits that he has been a fool. The King give the talisman to the Prince but he gives it to the Princess, speaks from his heart and kisses her. The Queen breaks the talisman, also ending the enchantment of the palace, and all note the lessons they have learned.

Notes

^ St. John-Brenon, Edward. "Mr. W. S. Gilbert's Original Plays", Grand Magazine, March 1905, pp. 309–316, via the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed 24 August 2020
^ Information about a 1941 production of the play
^ Information about the 1910 Broadway production
^ The etymology of the genus Phaner puzzled researchers after Gray's work was published. In 1904, the American zoologist Theodore Sherman Palmer suggested that Phaner derived from the Greek φανερός (phaneros) meaning "visible, evident". In 2012, researchers searched the general literature published around 1870. The Palace of Truth had premiered only 12 days prior to the date written on the preface of Gray's manuscript assigning the genera, and they saw that three character names in the play, King Phanor, Mirza and Azema, corresponded to the genera Phaner (fork-marked lemur), Mirza (giant mouse lemur) and Azema (mouse lemur) described by Gray in the same publication and equally enigmatic. The researchers concluded that Gray saw Gilbert's comedy and named the three lemur genera after its characters. Dunkel, A. R., J. S. Zijlstra and C. P. Groves. "Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: etymology of lemur names, part 1", Lemur News, vol. 16, 2012, pp. 66–67 ISSN 1608-1439
^ The Cambridge History of English and American Literature in 18 Volumes (1907–21). Volume XIII. "The Victorian Age", Part One. VIII. Nineteenth-Century Drama, § 15. W. S. Gilbert.
^ Stedman, chapter 8
^ "Gilbert before Sullivan", a chapter of Gayden Wren's A Most Ingenious Paradox ISBN 0-19-530172-2
^ An advertisement in The Times, 22 April 1871, p. 8, states that the 135th performance would be the "last but five" and that a new piece would open at the theatre on 29 April. The Times, 2 May 1871, p. 12, confirms that The Palace of Truth had been replaced by other works at the Haymarket and that An English Gentleman by H. J. Byron, starring Edward Sothern, would open on 6 May.
^ G&S Potted History 3 webpage
^ G&S Potted History 4 webpage
^ Edward German Discography
^ How, Barry, in The Strand Magazine, July–December 1891 ^{[dead link‍]}