Territorial Defence Force (Poland)

Not to be confused with Territorial Defense Forces (Poland).
Polish Territorial Defence Forces
Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej
Military eagle
Military eagle
Founded1 January 2017
Country Poland
AllegiancePolish Armed Forces
Typelight infantry
Size40,000+ (2023)[1]
Motto(s)Always ready, always close
Commanders
Commander of Territorial Defence Forcesgen. bryg Krzysztof Stańczyk[2]
Insignia
Flag[3]
Distinctive unit insignia
of the TDF Command
Shoulder sleeve insignia (everyday uniform)
of the TDF Command
Shoulder sleeve insignia (field uniform)
of the TDF Command

The Territorial Defence Force – TDF (Polish: Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej – WOT) is the fifth military branch of the Polish Armed Forces, following Land Forces, Air Force, Navy and Special Forces.[4] The force is made up of professional and part-time volunteer soldiers, forming part of the country's defence and deterrence system. Formed in 2016, it had reached 24,000 personnel by July 2019,[5][6] and was slated to reach a size of around 53,000 personnel in 17 light infantry brigades by 2021.[7] The creation of the Polish TDF relates to the reforms in the Baltic states' Territorial Defence Forces to provide response during the early stages of a hybrid conflict.[8]

History

Soldiers of the Territorial Defence Force during a military ceremony in Warsaw, 2018
WOT soldiers equipped with the MSBS Grot rifles and Javelin anti-tank guided missile launcher

The Territorial Defence Force is a planned reserve component of Polish Armed Forces.[9] A similar, identically named organization had existed in the country since 1965, but was disbanded in 2008 as part of a modernization program. The re-creation of the Territorial Defence Force was first announced in 2015 in reaction to the war in Donbass and concern that Poland's existing military would be ill-equipped to confront an adversary under similar conditions of low-intensity conflict. According to government officials, public reception to the idea was positive with 11,000 persons registering interest in joining the force within the first few months after the initial announcement.[10] The program was subsequently formalized with the signing of "a new document concerning the functioning of the territorial defense concept" by Minister of Defence of Poland Antoni Macierewicz in a ceremony held at Warsaw's Waldemar Milewicz General Secondary School on 27 April 2016.[11] The force was formally established on 1st of January, 2017.[12]

On 21 May 2017 the first military oath in the history of WOT took place in Białystok, Lublin and Rzeszów.

On the basis of Decision No. 140 / MON of the Minister of National Defense of 28 June 2017, TDF was declared the successor to the traditions of the Home Army National Command (1942–1945) of the Second World War, while being the de facto successor to the heritage of its forebears.

Organization

Schedule for the formation of the Territorial Defense Force

Plans announced in January 2016 called for what officials said would eventually become a 46,000-man contingent, though initially the WOT would consist of just three brigades sited in the north east of the country and funded with an annual appropriation of approximately €60 million; it was later reported the force would have a maximum size of 35,000 personnel.[13][14] As envisaged, the Territorial Defence Force is to be a part-time, all-volunteer organization, with soldiers receiving 30 days of military training per year. Unlike existing reserve forces, which upon mobilization are integrated into regular components of the Polish military, the Territorial Defence Force will be designed to operate autonomously in home areas and with personnel drawn from the local population. According to Polish military planners, this set-up would be most effective in countering hybrid warfare.[13] As part of the Ministry of Defense acquisition plans for 2017–2022, the total number of volunteers was set to 50,000 and a budget of 3.2 billion zloty outlaid to arm and equip them.[15]

Besides responding to external military threats, the WOT will, according to the Defense Ministry, help strengthen Poland's "patriotic and Christian foundations".[16]

Poland is divided into 16 Voivodeships. The Territorial Defence Troops follow the administrative division with a brigade formed in each voievodship. The exception is the Masovian, which has two territorial defence brigades due to the significance of the capital Warsaw. For mobilisation duties and liaison to the local authorities there is a Voievodship Military Staff in each of the 16 voievodships and the territorial brigades' HQs are located nearby. The commander of the Territorial Defence Troops is a division general and the brigades are commanded by colonels.

Planned end state of the Territorial Defence Force (click to enlarge)

Each brigade also has a command, a support, a sapper and a logistic company, carrying the brigade's number.

Tasks

The Territorial Defense Forces are dedicated to:[17][18][12]

  • Conducting defense activities in cooperation with the Operational Forces and supporting elements of the non-military system.
  • Carrying out unconventional activities, anti-sabotage and offensive landing.
  • Participate in safeguarding the reception and development of allied reinforcement forces in commanded areas.
  • Implementation of projects in the area of: crisis management, the eradication of natural disasters and the elimination of their effects, property protection, search and rescue operations.
  • maintaining universal readiness to defend the Republic of Poland.
  • Cooperating with elements of the state's defense system.
  • Shaping attitudes and values in society.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Nowe bataliony. WOT liczy już ponad 24 tys. (New TDF battalions. Number of military personnel more than 24 000)". 9 December 2019.
  2. ^ "Gen. Kukuła już nie dowodzi WOT. Znamy następcę". 5 January 2023.
  3. ^ "Ustawa z dnia 19 lutego 1993 r. o znakach Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" [Act of 19 February 1993 on the symbols of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland] (PDF). isap.sejm.gov.pl (in Polish). Internet System of Legal Acts. pp. 24–28. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  4. ^ Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland (10 May 2017). "Territorial Defence Forces". Official website of the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Poland. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  5. ^ "Nowe bataliony WOT (New TDF battalions) - MilMag.pl". 6 September 2019.
  6. ^ "Trzeci rok szkolenia 3. Podkarpackiej Brygady WOT - Defence24". 22 January 2019.
  7. ^ "Rośnie stan osobowy Wojsk Obrony Terytorialnej - Defence24". 6 October 2018.
  8. ^ Piotr, Szymański (20 March 2015). "The Baltic states' Territorial Defence Forces in the face of hybrid threats". The Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW). Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  9. ^ "Poland to stand up Territorial Defence Force". Jane's. 22 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  10. ^ "Polish MoD Discusses The National Reserve Forces Reform And The Territorial Defence Units. 11 Thousand Recruits Registered For Training". Defence24. 15 July 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  11. ^ "The Signing of the Territorial Defense Concept". mon.gov.pl. Ministry of National Defence of Poland. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  12. ^ a b Rajfur, Maciej (2023-11-21). "Wojska Obrony Terytorialnej mają w Polsce długą tradycję. Czym WOT były kiedyś, a czym są dzisiaj? Specjaliści opowiadali we Wrocławiu" (in Polish). Gazeta Wrocławska. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  13. ^ a b "Poland plans paramilitary force of 35,000 to counter Russia". BBC News. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  14. ^ Day, Matthew (25 January 2016). "Poland to establish 46,000-strong national guard in the face of war in eastern Ukraine". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  15. ^ "Poland To Spend $14.5 Billion For Military Procurement From 2017-2022". DefenseWorld.net. 7 December 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  16. ^ "MON w Sejmie: Wiara chrześcijańska polskich żołnierzy gwarantem bezpieczeństwa Polski". Newsweek Polska. 10 March 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  17. ^ "Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej".
  18. ^ Burkle, Frederick M.; Goniewicz, Mariusz; Goniewicz, Krzysztof (January 2019). "The Territorial Defence Force in Disaster Response in Poland: Civil-Military Collaboration during a State of Emergency". Sustainability. 11 (2): 487. doi:10.3390/su11020487.