Temelín Nuclear Power Station (Czech: Jaderná elektrárna Temelín, abbreviation ETE) is a nuclear power plant in Temelín, Czech Republic. It is owned by ČEZ Group, which employs 1,000 workers at the site. The adjacent castle Vysoký Hrádek serves as an information centre.
In 2003, the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant, with its 2,180 MW of installed capacity, became the largest power resource in the Czech Republic and the largest source of zero-emission electricity generation by far.[3][4]
History
Model of the plant at the information centre. The light green area was originally intended for the two unbuilt reactors.
Planning for the Temelín Nuclear Power Station began in the late 1970s, and the final project was submitted in 1985. Construction of four operating units began in 1987. The project was expected to be completed in 1991, with estimated building costs of 35 billion CSK.[5] Six villages were demolished by the then-Communist government to make way for the power station.[6]
After the Velvet Revolution in 1990, the Czechoslovak government decided to cease construction of the third and fourth reactors;[7] work continued on the first two reactors, however. In the 1990s, alterations to the original design were made by Westinghouse, in conjunction with SUJB and the IAEA, to bring reliability and safety levels into conformance with Western European standards. The standards audit was carried out by Halliburton NUS. As part of the alterations, information and control systems were added, electrical modifications carried out, and cabling, reactor core, and fuel elements were replaced.[8] In 1993, the Czech government decided to complete the plant in the face of delays and cost overruns, with expected completion at the time estimated for 1997.[9] In 1994, an opinion poll reported that 68% of Czech citizens were in favour of nuclear power development.[10]
By 1998, construction was still not completed, and costs reached 71 billion CZK. The Czech government again reconsidered completion of the plant.[11] In 1999, the decision was made to continue, projecting completion to 2000, with a maximum cost of 98.6 CZK billion.[12] The project was controversial; national and international (mainly Austrian) opposition was stronger than in the early 1990s, and public opinion on the project fluctuated. In a 1999 opinion poll, 47% of Czech citizens were in favour and 53% against nuclear power development, a fall from 1994. In subsequent years, the same poll showed 63% in favour and 37% against in 2000 and 58% in favour and 42% against in 2001.[10]
In September and October 2000, Austrian anti-nuclear protesters demonstrated against the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant and at one stage temporarily blocked all 26 border crossings between Austria and the Czech Republic.[13][14]
As a result of cost overruns, political changes, and design changes to the plant, reactor 1 began commercial operations in June 2002, and reactor 2 on 18 April 2003. As of 2023, the two reactors had produced 272 TWh, or 272.000.000.000 kWh of electricity, with no CO2 emissions. [15] Assuming a price level of CZK 2 per kWh, this amounted to 544 billion CZK. As the initial investment was CZK 100 billion, the plant had turned a profit. In 2022 alone, the operators of the plant earned CZK 80 billion, as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting energy crisis.[16]
Melk Protocol
The Melk Protocol, signed on 12 December 2000 in Melk, Austria, is the result of negotiations between the Czech and Austrian governments, led by Czech prime minister Miloš Zeman and Austrian chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel, with the participation of European CommissionerGünter Verheugen.[17] The aim of the protocol was to resolve disputes over the Temelín plant, with Austria raising several concerns about its safety and procedures.[18] The Czech Republic committed itself to some above-standard procedures (e.g., notification of events at Temelín to Austria, and a more stringent environmental impact assessment). Consequently, Austria recognised the importance of EU enlargement and agreed that the free movement of goods and people must be preserved (this clause was a response to the blockade of Czech–Austrian border crossings by Austrian anti-nuclear activists). The protocol is not legally binding.[19]
Technical data
Cooling towers at Temelin NPP
In 2013, the reactors were uprated from 3,000 MW thermal output to 3,120 MW, bringing the total output to 1,003 MWe net and 1,056 MWe gross.[20][21][22] In 2015, turbomachinery was updated, bringing total output to the current 1,026 MWe net and 1,080 MWe gross.[23]
The reactor contains 163 fuel assemblies and 61 control rod assemblies.
A single assembly has the shape of ~4.5m long hexagon, and inside are 312 fuel rods.
The fuel rods contain stacked cylindrical fuel pellets.
Fuel enrichment: max. 5% (average 3.5%) of 235U (fissile isotope)
Fuel load UO2: 92t (the reactor splits about 3 kg of uranium every day).
Fuel replacement cycle: 4 years (1/4 is changed yearly).
Vessel height: ~11m; outside diameter: ~4.5m; wall thickness: 193 mm.
The vessel is designed for up to 17.6MPa at 350 °C.
The vessel is made of high-quality, low-alloy chrome-nickel-molybdenum-vanadium steel.
For the reactor to produce 1W of thermal output, 30 billion fissions of uranium-235 must take place every second. For a coal power station to produce the same output, 1,500,000,000 billion carbon atoms must be burned.
Reactor cooling system
Number of cooling loops: 4
Quantity of primary circuit coolant: 337 m3
Operating pressure: 15.7MPa
Coolant inlet temperature: approx. 290 °C (554F)
Coolant outlet temperature: approx. 320 °C (608F)
Coolant flow through reactor: 23.5 m3/s
Steam generator
Number per reactor unit: 4
Steam delivered per one generator: 1,470 t/hour
Steam outlet pressure: 6.3MPa
Steam outlet temperature: 278.5 °C (533.3F)
Cooling circuit
The plant has four cooling towers (each unit has two towers).
Each tower has a height of 150 metres (490 ft), a diameter of 130 metres (430 ft), and an external wall surface area of 44,000 square metres (470,000 sq ft).
Pure water is evaporated in cooling tower (~0.3m3/s).
The water needs to be constantly refilled.
Protective envelope (containment)
Height of cylindrical section: 38m
Inside diameter of cylindrical section: 45m
Wall thickness: 1.2m
Thickness of steel lining: 8mm
Turbine generator set
Number per unit: 1
Number of steam turbine sections: 1 high-pressure and 3 low-pressure
Speed: 3,000 rpm
Voltage on alternator's terminal: 24kV
Alternator cooling: hydrogen – water
Reliability
IAEA data show that reactor 1 reaches a cumulative operating factor of about 63%,[26] and reactor 2 of about 76%.[27] The cumulative operating factor figures for Temelín NPP reactors are lower than the figures of similar reactors operated in Russia, where it is around 80–87%.[28][29]
ČEZ has increased the operating factor as well as production in recent years, and the plant reached 84% in 2012, with a total record production of 15 TWh.[30]
New reactors
Plans to build all four original reactors were reopened in 2005. However, in 2014, the prospective plans were cancelled.
In 2007, planning was suspended because the incoming government agreed not to promote nuclear energy. However, in July 2008, ČEZ requested the Ministry of the Environment conduct an environmental impact assessment for two additional reactors.[31] In 2009, regional approval was granted for the new build. In August 2009, ČEZ sought bids for two pressurized water reactors.[32] Shortly after the Fukushima nuclear accident, prime minister Petr Nečas announced that the construction of new reactors would continue according to original plans[33] but with the tender selection delayed until 2013.[34]
In July 2012, ČEZ opened public-contract bids for completing the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant in the presence of the bidders—Areva; a consortium of the Westinghouse Electric Company; and a consortium of ŠKODA JS, Atomstroyexport, and Gidropress.[35] In October 2012, Areva's bid was excluded from further evaluation, as they had not met statutory requirements.[36]
In March 2013, a Russian-led consortium, comprising Atomstroyexport, Gidropress, and Škoda, signed contracts with the Czech companies ZAT, Hochtief CZ, and UJV Rez, for the construction of two new nuclear reactor units for Temelín-3 and Temelín-4, both of which being MIR-1200 (Modernised International Reactor). ZAT would supply automated systems for the plant, Hochtief CZ would be responsible for construction of the nuclear island, and UJV Rez would help compile project documentation for the nuclear and turbine islands and also create working documentation for construction of the plant. A statement said the consortium was aiming for a "localisation level" of 75 percent. The other running project for the contract was Westinghouse, with its AP1000 reactor. The winner of the contract was scheduled to be announced at the end of 2013.[37]
In April 2014, ČEZ cancelled the project after the Czech government stated it did not plan to provide guarantees or other mechanisms to support the construction of low-emission power plants following discussions in the EU. The ČEZ CEO stated:
While originally the project was fully economically feasible given the market price of electricity and other factors, today all investments into power plants, whose revenues depend on sales of electricity in the free market, are threatened.[38]
In 2021, Westinghouse was contracted to upgrade the instrumentation and control systems of the power plant in a nine-year project.[39]
^"P-1775/2006". European Parliament. 19 May 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2022. The Melk Protocol is a bilateral agreement which was signed on 12 December 2000 by the Czech Prime Minister and the Austrian Chancellor. The Commission was present, offering its good offices to mediate between both parties. The Melk Process was followed up by a meeting of the Czech Prime Minister, the Austrian chancellor and the commission on 29 November 2001, where 'conclusions of Melk Process and follow-up' were signed by both parties (so-called Brussels Protocol).
^"P-1775/2006". European Parliament. 19 May 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2022. The role of the Commission in the mediation process leading up to the Protocol was not to evaluate the technical safety of the Temelin power plant, but rather one of a political nature, to facilitate the dialogue and exchange of information between Austria and the Czech Republic, in order to both identify the main issues of concern and to find solutions to the problems which were identified. Procedures were agreed bilaterally in order to follow up the implementation of improvements which might take more time to be completed. The subsequent monitoring of the Melk provisions, extended to the public, is considered as a model of bilateral transparency.
^Faltýnek, Vilém (30 November 2001). "ČR a Rakousko uzavřely proces z Melku". Radio Prague International. Retrieved 4 March 2022. Verheugen oznámil, že Evropská komise hned v pátek předloží členským státům návrh společné pozice vůči ČR v kapitole energetika s doporučením ji uzavřít. Rakouská strana se zavázala, že tomu nebude bránit.
