Tax Foundation

Tax Foundation
FormationDecember 5, 1937; 87 years ago (1937-12-05)
New York City, New York, U.S.
TypeThink tank
Headquarters1325 G Street NW, Suite 950
Location
President
Daniel Bunn
Websitetaxfoundation.org
Part of a series on
Taxation
An aspect of fiscal policy
Policies
Economics
General Theory
Distribution of Tax
Collection
Noncompliance
General
Corporate
Locations
Major examples
Types
International
Trade
Research
Academic
Advocacy groups
Religious
By country
All Countries
Individual Countries

The Tax Foundation is an international research think tank based in Washington, D.C. that collects data and publishes research studies on U.S. tax policies at both the federal and state levels. Its stated mission is to "improve lives through tax policy research and education that leads to greater economic growth and opportunity".[1]

The Tax Foundation is organized as a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt non-profit educational and research organization, with three primary areas of research: the Center for Federal Tax Policy,[2] the Center for State Tax Policy,[3] and the Center for Global Tax Policy.[4] The group is known for its annual reports such as the State Business Tax Climate Index,[5] International Tax Competitiveness Index,[6] and Facts & Figures: How Does Your State Compare,[7] which was first produced in 1941.[8]

History

The Tax Foundation was organized on December 5, 1937, in New York City by Alfred P. Sloan Jr., Chairman of the General Motors Corporation; Donaldson Brown, GM Financial Vice President; William S. Farish, President of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (Exxon); and Lewis H. Brown, President of Johns-Manville Corporation, who later became the first chairman of the board of The Tax Foundation.[9] The organization's stated goal was "to monitor the tax and spending policies of government agencies".[10] Its offices were located at 50 Rockefeller Plaza and later 30 Rockefeller Plaza.

The Tax Foundation's first project was a successful effort to stop a tax increase in Westchester County, New York, where they provided research and analysis (including an "Expenditure Survey" of state spending) to local activists.[10] By 1943, the Tax Foundation had helped set up taxpayers associations and expenditure councils in 35 states.[10]

During World War II, Tax Foundation research emphasized restraining government spending domestically to finance wartime expenditures. In 1948, the Tax Foundation opened an office in Washington, D.C., and in 1978 relocated there completely.[10] Its research and analysis has historically emphasized publicizing federal and state financial information, arguing against the use of tax systems for "social engineering," and urging "broad bases and low rates" tax reform.[10]

Beginning in 1990, the Tax Foundation "operate[d] as a separate unit" of Citizens for a Sound Economy.[11] By July 1991, it was again operating as an independent 501(c)(3) organization.[12]

Beginning in 2009, the Tax Foundation's offices were located in the National Press Building in Washington, D.C.[13] In 2015, the organization moved to its current location on G Street.[14]

Goals and principles

The Tax Foundation states that its research is guided by what it calls the principles of sound tax policy: simplicity, transparency, neutrality, and stability.[15]

Tax Foundation research is generally critical of tax increases,[16][17][18][19] high business taxes,[20] excise taxes,[21] tax preferences for the housing industry,[22] and use of tax credits, which the Foundation views as "picking winners and losers".[23][24] The Foundation has spoken favorably of efforts to balance the federal budget with tax reform and significant spending cuts, such as the Bowles-Simpson plan,[25] the Ryan Plan,[26] and the Wyden-Coats plan.[27]

Organizational overview

Political orientation

The Tax Foundation describes itself as an "independent tax policy research organization".[1] It is cited in the media as a nonpartisan or bipartisan organization,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and is also described as business-friendly, conservative, and center-right.[36][37][38][39]

Board of directors

As of 2023, the organization's board of directors consists of David P. Lewis (chairman), James W. Lintott (treasurer), Bill Archer, Philip English, Dennis Groth, Douglas Holtz-Eakin, Stephen Kranz, Sarah McGill, Pamela F. Olson, and Tom Roesser.[40]

Finances

The Tax Foundation accepts grants from foundations, corporations, and individuals. It does not solicit or accept funds from government sources.[41] The Tax Foundation has earned a 3 out of 4 star financial rating and 4 out of 4 star accountability and transparency rating from Charity Navigator.[42]

Year Revenues Expenses
2017[43] $5,115,594 $4,548,092
2016[44] $4,274,002 $4,178,093
2015[45] $3,557,681 $3,722,271
2014[46] $3,675,132 $2,971,778
2013[47] $2,953,060 $2,469,668
2012[48] $2,192,620 $1,900,821
2011[49] $1,885,201 $1,768,828
2010[49] $1,854,135 $1,925,936

Activities

The Tax Foundation publishes several major studies, including Options for Reforming America's Tax Code, which details the economic and revenue impact of over 80 potential changes to the U.S. tax code.[50]

The group uses its Taxes and Growth (TAG) macroeconomic model to simulate the effects of tax policies and produce conventional and dynamic estimates of potential changes in revenue, GDP, wages, employment, and the distribution of the federal tax burden.[51] The TAG model is a "neoclassical, comparative-statics economic model coupled with a tax return simulator".[52] The economic model estimates supply of labor and cost of capital based on marginal tax rates calculated by the tax return simulator.[52]

Since 2014, the TAG model has been used to analyze legislative and campaign tax proposals, including the Tax Reform Act of 2014 proposed by Dave Camp,[53] plans put forth during the 2016 presidential campaigns,[54][55] the House GOP's 2016 tax reform blueprint,[56] and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.[57][58]

Since 2013, the Tax Foundation has offered guidance to same-sex married couples filing income taxes at the state level, where local laws recognizing same-sex marriage can vary considerably.[59][60]

Every year, the Tax Foundation calculates and announces Tax Freedom Days in the United States. These studies have been criticized by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP), a progressive think tank, and in turn the Tax Foundation has responded to or criticized CBPP reports.[61][62][63][64] However, the two groups have worked together on analysis of the marriage penalty in the US federal income tax.[65]

The Tax Foundation praised the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 as a "pro-growth" tax plan, citing GDP and job growth.[66] However, the Foundation has been a vocal critic of the Trump administration's trade policies, particularly tariffs.[67]

Reception

In a column for The New York Times blog The Upshot, Josh Barro, a former Tax Foundation employee, criticized the group's approach to scoring the Rubio–Lee tax plan as producing "implausibly rosy results".[68] The Tax Foundation published a response to these criticisms, stating that their model results were "in line with analysis done by other mainstream economists for similar tax changes".[69]

In opinion editorials for the New York Times, economist Paul Krugman has characterized the Tax Foundation as "not a reliable source" while criticizing a report by the Tax Foundation comparing corporate tax rates in the United States to those in other countries.[70] Krugman has also accused the Tax Foundation of "deliberate fraud" in connection with a report it issued concerning the American Jobs Act.[71] The Tax Foundation has published various responses to Krugman's criticisms.[72][73]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Who We Are". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  2. ^ "Center for Federal Tax Policy". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  3. ^ "Center for State Tax Policy". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  4. ^ "Center for Global Tax Policy". Tax Foundation. October 18, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  5. ^ "2024 State Business Tax Climate Index". Tax Foundation. October 24, 2023. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  6. ^ Mengden, Alex (October 18, 2023). "International Tax Competitiveness Index 2023". Tax Foundation. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  7. ^ "Facts & Figures Handbook: How Does Your State Compare?". Tax Foundation. February 15, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  8. ^ "Tax Facts & Figures, First Edition". Tax Foundation. January 1941. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  9. ^ "Celebrating Our 65th Year". Tax Foundation. September 1, 2002. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Tax Foundation 1937–1987: The First Fifty Years" (PDF). Tax Foundation. December 5, 1987. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  11. ^ "Tax Features" (PDF). Tax Foundation. January 1990. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  12. ^ "Tax Features" (PDF). Tax Foundation. July 1991. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  13. ^ "Tax Foundation, Contact Us". Taxfoundation.org. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  14. ^ "Office Warming Reception". Tax Foundation. taxfoundation.org. February 4, 2015. Archived from the original on February 5, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
  15. ^ "Principles of Sound Tax Policy". Tax Foundation. August 20, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  16. ^ "Portland Business Journal, Tax Foundation Criticizes State Tax Hikes". Taxfoundation.org. July 9, 2009. Archived from the original on November 3, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
  17. ^ Henchman, Joseph (December 29, 2008). "State Budgets: Maryland Tax Increases Can't Keep Up With Spending Increases". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  18. ^ Carroll, Robert (July 29, 2009). "The Economic Cost of High Tax Rates". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  19. ^ Henchman, Joseph; Mountjoy, Jack (July 9, 2009). "The Dam Bursts in the Beaver State: Oregon's Wave of Tax Increases and New Spending". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  20. ^ "Business Taxes". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  21. ^ "Excise Taxes". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  22. ^ Prante, Gerald (December 3, 2007). "Giuliani Wrong on Mortgage Interest Deduction". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  23. ^ Henchman, Joseph (July 11, 2009). "Louisiana Tax Credits: Politicians Picking Winners and Losers". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  24. ^ Henchman, Joseph (May 5, 2009). "Tax Foundation, Remarks to the Shaftesbury Society Luncheon". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  25. ^ "Draft from President's Deficit Commission Stirs the Fiscal Pot in Washington". Tax Foundation. November 10, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  26. ^ Hodge, Scott (April 5, 2011). "Ryan Plan Smartly Marries Tax Reform with Spending Reform". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  27. ^ Hodge, Scott (April 8, 2011). "Wyden-Coats Tax Reform Plan Adds to Debate But Needs Fixing". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  28. ^ "Donald Trump's new tax plan could have a big winner: Donald Trump's companies". Washington Post. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  29. ^ "Why Americans are giving up citizenship in record numbers". Washington Post. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  30. ^ Rosen, Jan M. (December 5, 1988). "Tax Watch; Hidden Ways To Gain Revenue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  31. ^ Akst, Daniel (February 4, 2001). "ON THE CONTRARY; How New Campaign Laws Would Help the Economy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  32. ^ O'shea, James (February 26, 2010). "Looking to Taxes as Solution to a Crisis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  33. ^ Roberts, Sam (July 20, 2014). "Wealthier New Yorkers Aren't Fleeing the City for Tax Havens, a Study Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  34. ^ Sumerlin, Marc; Williams, Noah (March 4, 2016). "The Partisan Tax Policy Center". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  35. ^ White, Gillian B. (September 15, 2016). "Trump's Latest Economic Plan: New Promises, Same Old Problems". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  36. ^ "Trump's tax pitch". POLITICO. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  37. ^ Barro, Josh (October 29, 2015). "Fact-Checking Republicans on Tax Plans". New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  38. ^ Sloan, Allan (August 17, 2016). "The whopping $1.2 trillion omission in Trump's tax reform plan". Washington Post. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  39. ^ "Biden tax hikes would undercut his 'Made in America' plan, economists warn". October 19, 2020.
  40. ^ "Meet Our Board". Tax Foundation. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  41. ^ "Financials". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  42. ^ "Charity Navigator Rating – Tax Foundation". Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  43. ^ "Form 990 Return of Organization Exemption From Income Tax" (PDF). taxfoundation.org. September 26, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  44. ^ "Form 990 Return of Organization Exemption From Income Tax" (PDF). taxfoundation.org. August 11, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  45. ^ "Form 990 Return of Organization Exemption From Income Tax" (PDF). taxfoundation.org. August 3, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  46. ^ "Form 990 Return of Organization Exemption From Income Tax" (PDF). taxfoundation.org. May 13, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  47. ^ "2013 Form 990, Tax Foundation" (PDF). Foundation Center. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  48. ^ "2012 Form 990, Tax Foundation" (PDF). Foundation Center. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  49. ^ a b "2011 Form 990, Tax Foundation" (PDF). Foundation Center. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
  50. ^ Options for Reforming America's Tax Code (Report). Tax Foundation. June 6, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  51. ^ "Written Testimony of Scott Hodge President of the Tax Foundation Before the Joint Economic Committee: The Positive Economic Growth Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act" (PDF). September 6, 2018. p. 5. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  52. ^ a b Auerbach, Alan; Brinberg, Itai (December 2017). "Macroeconomic Modeling of Tax Policy: A Comparison of Current Methodologies" (PDF). National Tax Journal. 70 (4): 819–836. doi:10.17310/ntj.2017.4.06. S2CID 158196589. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  53. ^ Hodge, Scott (July 30, 2014). "Written Testimony of Scott A. Hodge, President, Tax Foundation: Dynamic Analysis of the Tax Reform Act of 2014 Before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures" (PDF). Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  54. ^ Rubin, Jennifer (October 30, 2015). "The pluses and minuses in Ted Cruz's tax plan". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  55. ^ Barro, Josh (October 29, 2015). "Fact-Checking Republicans on Tax Plans". The Upshot. The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  56. ^ Rubin, Richard (November 15, 2016). "House Republicans Aim to Cut Taxes Without Increasing Deficits". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  57. ^ "Tax Reform, Growth and the Deficit". The Wall Street Journal. November 26, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  58. ^ "House GOP Tax Plan Is Little Help To High-Tax States Like New Jersey". NPR. November 9, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  59. ^ Henchman, Joseph (September 13, 2013). "Wisconsin Offers Constructive Tax Filing Guidance for Same-Sex Couples". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  60. ^ Henchman, Joseph (March 20, 2015). "10 Remaining States Provide Tax Filing Guidance to Same-Sex Married Taxpayers". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  61. ^ Brooks, Neil (2005). Tax Freedom Day: A Flawed, Incoherent and Pernicious Concept. Canadian Center for Public Policy Alternatives. p. 26. ISBN 9780886274382.
  62. ^ Brunori, David (April 24, 2016). "Why Tax Freedom Day Matters". Forbes. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  63. ^ ""Tax Freedom Day" Analysis Can Give a Misleading Impression of Tax Burdens". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. April 8, 2014. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  64. ^ Ahern, William (March 30, 2006). "Analysis Shows Center on Budget and Policy Priorities' Criticism of Tax Freedom Day Flawed and Inaccurate". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  65. ^ "Tax Day: Are You Receiving a Marriage Penalty or Bonus?". The New York Times. April 15, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  66. ^ "Updated Details and Analysis of the 2017 House Tax Cuts and Jobs Act". Tax Foundation. November 3, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
  67. ^ York, Erica (July 7, 2023). "Tracking the Economic Impact of Tariffs". Tax Foundation (in French). Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  68. ^ Barro, Josh (March 17, 2015). "Tax Cuts Still Don't Pay for Themselves". The Upshot. The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  69. ^ Hodge, Scott; Lundeen, Andrew (March 17, 2015). "A Response to Josh Barro on Dynamic Scoring". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
  70. ^ Krugman, Paul (August 24, 2008). "The Tax Foundation is not a reliable source". The Conscience of a Liberal blog, nytimes.com. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
  71. ^ "Stocks, Flows, and Fuzzy Math". Krugman.blogs.nytimes.com. October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  72. ^ McBride, William (July 26, 2012). "Grasping at Straws: A Response to Paul Krugman". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
  73. ^ Hodge, Scott (October 11, 2011). "Response to Paul Krugman on "Millionaire" Taxes". Tax Foundation. Retrieved February 15, 2017.

Read other articles:

2018 Kansas Lottery 300

30th race of the 2018 NASCAR Xfinity Series 2018 Kansas Lottery 300 Race details Race 30 of 33 in the 2018 NASCAR Xfinity SeriesDate October 20, 2018Official name 18th Annual Kansas Lottery 300Location Kansas City, Kansas, Kansas SpeedwayCourse Permanent racing facility1.5 mi (2.41 km)Distance 200 laps, 300 mi (482.803 km)Scheduled Distance 200 laps, 300 mi (482.803 km)Average speed 118.995 miles per hour (191.504 km/h)Pole positionDriver Daniel Hemric Richard Childress RacingTime 29.355...

 

كولومبيا (ميزوري)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع كولومبيا (توضيح). كولومبيا    علم   الإحداثيات 38°57′06″N 92°20′03″W / 38.95171°N 92.33407°W / 38.95171; -92.33407  [1] تاريخ التأسيس 1821  سبب التسمية كولومبيا  تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2][3]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة بون[4...

 

Sanghar District

Place in Sindh, PakistanSanghar District ضلع سانگھڑسانگهڙ ضلعو‎Top: Mosque at ShahdadpurBottom: Fields near SirhinwariSanghar is located in the centre of Sindh.Country PakistanProvince SindhDivisionShaheed Benazir AbadSeatSangharGovernment • TypeDistrict Administration • MNA SangharShazia Janat MariArea • Total10,728 km2 (4,142 sq mi)Population (2017)[1] • Total249,873 • ...

Peraturan perang Islam

Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Peperangan yang dilakukan oleh Salahuddin Ayyubi membebaskan kembali Kota Yerusalem dicatat oleh Timur dan Barat sebagai contoh teladan diterapkannya peraturan perang Islam dengan mulia. Peraturan perang Islam merujuk kepada apa yang telah diterima dalam syariah (hukum Islam) dan fiqih (ilmu hukum Islam) oleh para ulam...

 

Qayamat: City Under Threat

For other films named Qayamat, see Qayamat (disambiguation). 2003 Indian filmQayamat: City Under ThreatTheatrical release posterDirected byHarry BawejaScreenplay byHarry BawejaSuparn VermaStory byHarry BawejaProduced byPammi BawejaStarringAjay DevgnSuniel ShettySanjay KapoorArbaaz KhanIsha KoppikarRiya SenNeha DhupiaAashish ChaudharyCinematographySanjay F. GuptaEdited byMerzin TavariaMusic byNadeem-Shravan (Songs)Salim–Sulaiman (Score)Distributed byBaweja MoviesRelease date 11 July...

 

Dodge Polara

Motor vehicle Dodge Polara1973 Dodge Polara 2-door hardtopOverviewManufacturerDodge (Chrysler)Model years1960–1973Body and chassisClassFull-size (1960–1961, 1965–1973)Mid-size (1962–1964)LayoutFR layoutChronologyPredecessorDodge Coronet (full-size 1959)SuccessorDodge Monaco The Dodge Polara is an automobile introduced in the United States for the 1960 model year as Dodge's top-of-the-line full-size car. After the introduction of the Dodge Custom 880 in 1962, the Polara nameplate...

Lester Bird

The Right HonourableSir Lester BirdKNH Perdana Menteri Antigua dan Barbuda ke–2Masa jabatan9 Maret 1994 – 24 Agustus 2004Penguasa monarkiElizabeth IIGubernur JenderalJames CarlislePendahuluVere BirdPenggantiBaldwin Spencer Informasi pribadiLahir(1938-02-21)21 Februari 1938New York, New York, Amerika SerikatMeninggal9 Agustus 2021(2021-08-09) (umur 83)AntiguaPartai politikBuruhAlma materUniversitas MichiganKarier olahraga Rekam medali Atletik Mewakili  Hindia Barat B...

 

约翰斯顿环礁

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌：《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

 

Autonomous spaceport drone ship

Floating landing platform operated by SpaceX This article is about the SpaceX barges. For the general topic, see floating launch vehicle operations platform. For booster recoveries on land, see SpaceX Landing Zones Just Read the Instructions, Of Course I Still Love You, and A Shortfall of Gravitas redirect here. For the fictional spaceships created by Iain M. Banks, see Culture series. Autonomous spaceport drone shipOf Course I Still Love You carries the first first stage to successfully land...

Hybrid Synergy Drive

Pour les articles homonymes, voir HSD (homonymie). L’Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) est une technologie de traction hybride développée par Toyota. Intégrée aux véhicules hybrides produits par l'entreprise et vendus sous les marques Toyota et Lexus (exemples : Toyota Prius, Yaris Hybride[1], Lexus CT 200h), le HSD a été utilisé par Nissan pour l'Altima hybride et Mazda pour l'Axela hybride, et adapté à des véhicules plus puissants ou à quatre roues motrices. La motorisation HSD...

 

Hilary Dwyer

British actress (1945–2020) Hilary DwyerDwyer in 2009Born(1945-05-06)6 May 1945Liverpool, EnglandDied30 March 2020(2020-03-30) (aged 74)[1]Other namesHilary HeathAlma materRoyal Central School of Speech and DramaOccupation(s)Actress, businessperson, film producer, addiction counsellorYears active1965–2014Spouse Duncan Heath ​ ​(m. 1974; div. 1989)​Children2 Hilary Dwyer (6 May 1945 – 30 March 2020), also known a...

 

Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)

State crisis between 2011 and 2014 Egyptian crisis redirects here. For the crisis of 1840, see Oriental Crisis of 1840. For the crisis of 1956, see Suez Crisis. Part of a series on theEgyptian Crisis(2011–2014) Main topics 2011 Egyptian revolution Sinai insurgency Military transitional council 2012–2013 Egyptian protests Egyptian Constitution of 2012 June 2013 Egyptian protests 2013 Egyptian coup d'état Post-coup unrest in Egypt Insurgency in Egypt Elections 2011 Egyptian constitutional ...

Seneca Lake (New York)

Lake in New York, United States of America Seneca LakeAerial view from the southern part of Seneca Lake.Seneca LakeLocation within New YorkShow map of New York Adirondack ParkSeneca LakeSeneca Lake (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationSchuyler, Seneca, Yates, and Ontario counties, New York, United StatesGroupFinger LakesCoordinates42°39′20″N 76°53′51″W / 42.65556°N 76.89750°W / 42.65556; -76.89750TypeGround morainePrimary inflowsCatharine...

 

Hawthorne, California

City in California, United States Hawthorne, CA redirects here. For the Beach Boys album, see Hawthorne, CA (album). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hawthorne, California – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) City in Californ...

 

Dagestan

Republic of Russia For other uses, see Dagestan (disambiguation). Dağıstan redirects here. For the neighbourhood in Ceyhan, Turkey, see Dağıstan, Ceyhan. Republic in North Caucasian, RussiaRepublic of DagestanRepublicРеспублика Дагестан 13 other official names Avar:Дагъистан ЖумгьуриятDargin:Дагъистан РеспубликаKumyk:Дагъыстан ЖумгьуриятLezgian:Дагъустандин РеспубликаLak:Дагъусттанн...

Lesbo

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Lesbo (disambigua). Lesbounità perifericaΠεριφερειακή ενότητα / Δήμος Λέσβου Lesbo – VedutaImmagine satellitare dell'isola LocalizzazioneStato Grecia PeriferiaEgeo Settentrionale AmministrazioneData di istituzione1º gennaio 2011 TerritorioCoordinate39°12′36″N 26°16′48″E39°12′36″N, 26°16′48″E (Lesbo) Altitudine968 m s.l.m. Superficie1 632,8 km² Abitanti90&...

 

Liberia

Zie Liberia (doorverwijspagina) voor andere betekenissen van Liberia. Republic of Liberia (Details) (Details) Basisgegevens Officiële landstaal Engels Hoofdstad Monrovia Regeringsvorm Republiek Staatshoofd Joseph Boakai Religie Christendom 86%, islam 12%, inheems 0,6% Oppervlakte 111.369 km²[1] (13,5% water) Inwoners 3.489.072 (2008)[2] 5.073.296 (2020)[3] (0000045554 45,6/km² (2020)) Bijv. naamwoord Liberiaans Inwoner&#...

 

Ligaya Fernando-Amilbangsa

Filipino dancer and academic Ligaya FernandoFernando-Amilbangsa in 2019BornLigaya Fernando-Amilbangsa (1942-10-09) October 9, 1942 (age 81)San Juan, City of Greater Manila, PhilippinesEducationFar Eastern UniversityOccupationsFolk danceracademicCareerCurrent groupTambuli Cultural TroupeIntegrated Performing Arts GuildAlunAlun Dance CircleDancesPangalay Ligaya Fernando-Amilbangsa is a Filipino dancer and academic known for her studies and promotion of the pangalay dance tradition of ...

مترو لندن

مترو لندن   معلومات عامة البلد المملكة المتحدة  إحداثيات 51°29′34″N 0°06′03″W / 51.49277778°N 0.10083333°W / 51.49277778; -0.10083333   حالة مفّعل تاريخ الافتتاح الرسمي 10 يناير 1863  المشغل هيئة النقل في لندن  مقياس السكة سكة حديد قياس 1435 ملم  الموقع الإلكتروني الموقع الرسمي...

 

Jungle palm squirrel

Species of rodent Jungle palm squirrel[1] Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[2] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Sciuridae Genus: Funambulus Subgenus: Funambulus Species: F. tristriatus Binomial name Funambulus tristriatus(Waterhouse, 1837) Subspecies F. t. tristriatus F. t. numarius The jungle palm squirrel, jungle striped squirrel, or Western Ghats squirrel (Funambulus ...